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Short Answer Long Answer Topics Natural resources Renewable v non-renewable Flow resources Ecological footprint Types of Industry Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Basic v non- basic industries Multiplier effect Using Natural Resources Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources? Industries in Canada (Key info) Forestry Farming Fishing Mining Oil & Gas Water Manufacturing Global Trade & Globalization Outsourcing Manufacturing towns 7 factors for manufacturing Free trade Tariff, Protectionism US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA) Disclaimer: All course material is subject to assessment content. The guide helps to focus on key topics. Natural Resources: Renewable V Non-renewable: (Definition) Renewable resources: resources that can be regenerated if used carefully. Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy, Water (hydropower), Geothermal energy, Biomass (plants/wood). (Definition) Non - Renewable resources: resources that are limited and cannot be replaced once they are used up. Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Nuclear fuel (uranium), Metals like copper or iron (they exist in limited amounts). (Definition) Flow Resources: resources that are replaced by natural actions and must be used when and where they occur or be lost. Ex. Sunlight, Wind, Flowing water (rivers), Ocean waves, Tides. Ecological footprint: Definition: An ecological footprint is the amount of land and resources needed to support how people live. Key Points: It includes how much energy, food, and water people use. More consumption means a bigger footprint. A smaller footprint is better for the environment. Types Of Industry: Primary Industry: (also called extractive industry) an industry that focuses on producing or extracting natural resources. This sector includes forest industries, agriculture, mining, and fishing. Ex. Farming, Fishing, Mining, Forestry (logging), Oil and gas extraction. Secondary Industry: an industry that focuses on making things using the products of primary industries. This sector includes manufacturing, construction, and utilities (the provision and distribution of electricity, water, natural gas, etc.). Ex. Car manufacturing,Food processing (factories), Construction (building houses), Clothing factories, Steel production. Tertiary Industry: (also called service or services-providing industry) an industry that focuses on providing services. This sector includes “everything else” that is not included in the primary and secondary industries. Ex.Teaching, Healthcare (doctors, nurses), Retail workers (stores), Transportation (bus drivers, taxi drivers), Restaurants and food services. Quaternary Industry: Special kinds of services--highly specialized knowledge- based or technological services. Research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. Examples include research and development departments, computer programmers, accountants etc. OR Ex. Research and development (scientists in labs), Computer programming / software development, Accountants and financial analysts, Data analysis / big data specialists, Scientific consulting or technical advisory services. Basic V Non-basic Industries: (Definition) Basic Industry: A job that brings money into an economy from somewhere else. Example: manufacturing something in your hometown then selling it somewhere else (Definition) Non-basic Industry: A job that circulates money within an economy. Example: getting your haircut at a local barber (Definition) Multiplier Effect: the increase in total wealth or income that occurs when raw money is injected into an economy. Using Natural Resources: The Three Rs: Recycling, Reusing & Reducing: Reducing: The item is neither purchased nor produced in the first place. Fewer new items are produced. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MOST Reusing: The item is used by someone else when you no longer want it. The environmental cost of manufacturing the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: MORE Recycling: The item is destroyed when you no longer want it, but the material in the item is recovered for reuse. The environmental cost of obtaining the raw materials for the item is avoided. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: SOME None of the 3Rs: The item is taken to a landfill or burned in an incinerator. AMOUNT OF RESOURCE SAVINGS: NONE How can individuals, government and industries rethink how they use resources?: People, governments, and industries can use resources wisely through choices, laws, incentives, and technology to reduce waste, protect the environment, and improve life Industries In Canada (Key Info): Forestry: Forestry = managing forests for resources and sustainability Covers 32% of Canada, mainly Boreal Forest Challenges: climate change and wildfires Farming: Farming is renewable with sustainable practices Prairies = grains; Ontario = fruits/vegetables/livestock; Quebec = dairy/mixed Challenges: soil loss, erosion, farmland loss, climate change Fishing: Fishing is renewable and important for jobs and food Found on coasts, inland, and Arctic regions Challenges: overfishing; solutions: sustainable practices Mining: Minerals are non-renewable and essential for technology Canada develops partnerships to secure critical minerals Sustainable use meets needs while reducing environmental impact Oil & Gas: Non-renewable: oil, gas, coal; cause greenhouse gases Oil = West Canada; Gas = BC; Coal = 300 million years old Renewable: wind, solar, hydro; more sustainable Water: Fresh water is drinkable, used for farming, industry, and energy Makes up ~2.5–3% of the world’s water and is renewable via the water cycle Canada has over 2 million lakes/rivers, with ~9% of the world’s freshwater Manufacturing: Outsourcing: Definition: Outsourcing is when a company moves part of its operation (e.g., manufacturing or IT support) to another country to take advantage of cheaper labour costs and/or less stringent labour and environmental controls. How does Outsourcing Impact the Canadian labour market?: It impacts the Canadian labour market because it eliminates jobs in Canada because companies move to other countries for cheaper labour. Manufacturing Towns: Definition: A Manufacturing Town is a town that develops primarily because of factories and manufacturing industries. Key Points: People move there for jobs in factories. The town’s economy depends on manufacturing. Often located near raw materials, transportation, or customers to make production easier. 7 Factors for Manufacturing: Factor: Location of Customers Key Takeaways: Companies prefer being close to customers Ensure deliveries arrive on time JIT helps deliver packages on schedule Factor: Proximity to Raw Materials Key Takeaways: Some prefer being near raw materials Raw materials are bulkier than finished goods Processed/frozen products are easier to ship Factor: Availability of Fresh Water and/or Power Key Takeaways: Reliable water and power needed for all manufacturers Aluminum production needs lots of cheap electricity Factor: Labour Supply Key Takeaways: Many products come from China or Bangladesh Skilled workers preferred over many unskilled workers Factor: Transportation Key Takeaways: Effective transportation needed for raw materials and products Method depends on speed and type of goods Factor: Political Factors Key Takeaways: Governments at all levels can influence location Financial incentives may encourage companies to locate in certain areas Factor: Circumstance Key Takeaways: Not all location decisions are logical Factors often focus on minimizing costs and improving efficiency Global Trade & Globalization: Free Trade: Definition: International trade without tariffs or other barriers to trade. Tariff, Protectionism: Tariff Protectionism means using tariffs (taxes on imports) to protect local businesses from foreign competition. Definitions: Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to protect domestic manufacturers by making foreign goods more expensive. Protectionism: Protecting local industries, often by making imports more expensive. So together, it’s charging taxes on imports to help local businesses compete. US- Canada Trade, USMCA (formally NAFTA): Mr. Trump signed an updated trade deal called the Canada-United States- Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). CUSMA made it easier and cheaper for the three countries to trade goods and services. CUSMA makes trade cheaper between Canada, U.S., and Mexico Canada and U.S. are major trading partners; most Canadians live near the border Tariffs can backfire, hurting both economies and jobs (NAFTA INFO): NAFTA= trade deal between Canada, U.S, and Mexico that made trading goods and services easier and cheaper; replaced by CUSMA

Updated 6d ago

Protective Tariffs Taxes on imported goods that helped Northern industry but hurt the Southern export economy Foreign Relations (William Seward) Seward pushed for U.S. global power through diplomacy and expansion Treaty of Kanagawa Agreement allowing U.S. ships to trade with Japan to open markets and project power Seward's Icebox (Alaska Purchase) Seward's purchase of Alaska, mocked but expanded U.S. territory Burlingame Treaty Protected U.S. missionaries in China and encouraged Chinese immigration Railroads Connected the nation, boosted communication, economy, and travel Munn v. Illinois Allowed states to regulate railroads for the public good Gold Standard Monetary system valuing currency only in gold, replacing bimetallism Crime of 1873 (Coinage Act) Ended silver coinage, angering miners and debtors Homestead Act Granted 160 acres in the West to settlers who farmed it for 5 years Morrill Act Provided federal land for new Western colleges Long Drive Cowboys herding cattle to railroads for transport Exodusters African Americans moving West to escape Southern racism Life in the West Harsh farming conditions: bad weather, no irrigation, small plots Yellowstone/National Parks Land protected for beauty, recreation, and conservation Sand Creek Massacre U.S. attack on Cheyenne; major Native casualties Fetterman Massacre Native victory over U.S. forces (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho) Battle of Little Bighorn Native victory; Custer's Last Stand Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. victory; last major Native conflict Ghost Dance Movement Native spiritual revival to restore their land and culture Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Ruled Congress could ignore past treaties with Natives Dawes Severalty Act Broke up Native land to force assimilation Frederick Jackson Turner Wrote Frontier Thesis: American identity shaped by Western conquest Summary (Chapter 16) U.S. expanded internationally and developed the West, causing conflicts with Natives and policies to assimilate them Vertical Integration Company controls all steps of production (Swift) Horizontal Integration Company buys out competitors by cutting prices (Rockefeller) Trusts Groups of companies managed as one, often creating monopolies Shift in Management Dividing company tasks into specialized departments Skilled vs. Unskilled Workers Skilled workers replaced by cheaper, repetitive unskilled labor Scientific Management System rewarding faster work; workers follow orders exactly Old Immigrants Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany (Protestant, English-speaking) New Immigrants Immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe; Catholic/Jewish, poor, non-English-speaking Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration and blocked citizenship Great Railroad Strike Major labor strike showing power of unions and worker unrest Henry George Criticized industrialization for causing poverty Greenback Labor Party Wanted more money in circulation and worker protections Producerism Belief that workers create value while owners exploit labor Granger Laws Early railroad regulations; weak enforcement Knights of Labor Inclusive union; against child labor, trusts; preferred gov intervention Haymarket Protest Violent clash causing decline in labor union popularity Farmers' Alliance Farmers fighting for railroad regulation and economic reform Hatch Act Funded agricultural research and education Interstate Commerce Act Created ICC to regulate railroads (weak enforcement) Closed Shop Workers must join union to be hired AFL (American Federation of Labor) Craft union fighting for basic improvements (wages, hours) Tactics Against Unions Lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, militias, court orders Homestead & Pullman Strikes Violent labor strikes revealing worker frustration Summary (Chapter 17) Industrial growth created monopolies, immigration waves, harsh labor conditions, and rising union movements Consumer Culture Growth of leisure shopping among wealthy Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Court ruling allowing "separate but equal" segregation Jim Crow Laws State laws enforcing racial segregation YMCA Organization helping young men/immigrants adjust to urban life Negro Leagues Black baseball leagues excluded from white leagues Sierra Club Organization promoting mountain and wilderness protection National Park Service Federal agency managing national parks Antiquities Act Allowed presidents to protect land as national monuments National Audubon Society Conservation group protecting wildlife Solitude of Self Stanton's argument for women's individual rights Comstock Act Banned distribution of birth control and sexual information Booker T. Washington Promoted industrial education and gradual racial progress Tuskegee Institute Washington's school for practical, industrial training Atlanta Compromise Speech encouraging economic progress over immediate equality Education Expansion New colleges created via Morrill Act and philanthropy Liberal Arts New academic fields like economics, poli sci, and astronomy WCTU Women's reform group fighting for temperance and social issues National Association of Colored Women Black women aiding communities and promoting reform NAWSA Major women's suffrage movement Anti-Suffragists Opposed women's voting rights, claiming it was too costly Feminism Movement for full social, political, economic equality Social Darwinism Belief that rich succeed because of strength; poor fail because lazy Eugenics Movement to control reproduction to create "better" population Modernism/Naturalism Artistic movements challenging traditional ideas American Protective Association Anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish nativist group Social Gospel Protestant reform movement helping the poor Fundamentalism Religious movement focusing on literal Bible interpretation Summary (Chapter 18) Industrialization fueled consumer culture, conservation, racial segregation, women's activism, immigration tension, and new social/religious ideas Waving the Bloody Shirt Republican strategy blaming Democrats for Civil War Political Machines Urban organizations controlling politics through corruption and immigrant support Solid South Democratic dominance in Southern states Williams v. Mississippi Allowed literacy tests and poll taxes; suppressed Black voters Stalwarts Republicans supporting spoils system Half-Breeds Republicans wanting merit-based gov jobs Mugwumps Reform Republicans who backed Cleveland Pendleton Act Replaced spoils system with civil service exams Election of 1884 Cleveland (Dem.) beats Blaine with Mugwump support Silverites Farmers wanting more silver coinage for cheaper money supply Gold Bugs Bankers favoring gold standard Coinage Act of 1873 Ended silver currency; angered farmers/miners Bland-Allison & Sherman Acts Required gov to buy silver, briefly restoring bimetallism Tariffs (Gilded Age) High tariffs debated between farmers and industry Populism Farmers' movement demanding political/economic reforms Omaha Platform Populist demands (income tax, direct election, RR ownership, 8-hour day) Wisconsin Plan Initiative, referendum, recall (direct democracy reforms) Panic of 1893 Major economic crash from railroad failures Coxey's Army Jobless march demanding federal jobs End of Bimetallism Silver value collapses; gold standard restored Summary (Chapter 19) Gilded Age politics were corrupt and divided, leading to Populist reforms and major debates over money, tariffs, and government power

Updated 14d ago

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