Chapitre 1
2. Platon
Greek philosopher who believed the best society is ruled by wise and educated leaders (âphilosopher-kingsâ).
3. Polis
An independent Greek city-state with its own government and laws.
4. Aristote
Greek philosopher who believed government should work for the common good and serve its citizens.
6. Aristocratie
A government ruled by a small group of noble or privileged people.
7. Oligarchie
A government controlled by a small group of powerful or wealthy people.
11. Bureaucratie
A system where government decisions are carried out by officials and administrators.
12. Pouvoir exécutif
The branch of government that enforces laws and runs the country day-to-day.
13. Parlement
An elected group of representatives that makes laws.
14. Gouvernement autoritaire
A government where one leader or small group holds most of the power and limits freedoms.
15. Pouvoir législatif
The branch of government responsible for creating laws.
17. Pouvoir judiciaire
The branch of government that interprets laws and operates the courts.
20. Nationalisme
Strong pride in and loyalty to oneâs nation, culture, and people.
21. Hobbes
Believed people are naturally selfish and need a strong government to maintain order and security.
22. Locke
Believed all people have natural rights (life, liberty, and property) that governments must protect.
23. Rousseau
Believed political power comes from the people and governments should follow the âgeneral willâ of society.
25. Constitutionnalisme
The principle that government power is limited by a constitution and laws.
26. Adam Smith
Father of capitalism; believed free markets and competition create wealth and prosperity.
30. Marx
Believed capitalism creates inequality because the rich control production; supported a classless society.
31. La bourgeoisie
In Marxism, the wealthy class that owns businesses and the means of production.
37. Monarchie héréditaire
A monarchy where power passes from one family member to another through inheritance.
38. Magna Carta
A document signed in 1215 that limited the kingâs power and established that everyone must follow the law.
40. Rapatrié
The return of people, cultural objects, or remains to their country or homeland.
41. Représentation proportionnelle
An electoral system where parties receive seats in proportion to the percentage of votes they earn.
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Chapitre 1 (suite)
43. Coup dâĂtat
The sudden and often illegal removal of a government from power.
45. Totalitarisme
A system where the government controls nearly every aspect of society, politics, and daily life.
48. Référendum
A direct vote by citizens to accept or reject a law or political proposal.
49. Organisation non gouvernementale (ONG)
An independent organization that works on social, humanitarian, or international issues without being controlled by a government.
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Chapitre 2
1. Idéologie politique
A set of beliefs and values about how government and society should function.
2. Libéralisme
An ideology that values individual rights, freedom, democracy, and equality before the law.
3. Conservatisme
An ideology that values tradition, stability, and gradual change rather than rapid reform.
4. Ăchiquier politique
A spectrum used to compare political beliefs, usually from left to right.
5. Centriste
A person whose political views are moderate and fall between the left and right.
7. Libertarianisme
The belief that people should have maximum personal freedom and government should have very limited power.
11. Ăgalitariste
A person who believes everyone should have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment.
12. Utilitarisme
The idea that decisions should create the greatest happiness or benefit for the greatest number of people.
16. Syndicats
Organizations that represent workers and protect their rights, wages, and working conditions.
17. Totalitarisme
A political system where the state has complete control over society and citizens.
18. Anarchisme
The belief that society can function without a government or centralized authority.
19. Communisme
A system where property and resources are collectively owned and social classes no longer exist.
21. Socialisme
An economic and political system where important industries are owned or controlled by society or the government to reduce inequality.
23. Syndicalisation
The process of joining or creating a labour union.
24. Socialisme démocratique
An ideology that supports democracy while using government policies to reduce economic inequality.
28. Adam Smith
Believed economic freedom, competition, and free trade benefit society.
29. Capitalisme
An economic system based on private ownership, profit, competition, and free markets.
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Chapitre 2 (suite)
30. Mercantilisme
The belief that a country becomes richer by controlling trade and exporting more than it imports.
31. Laisser-faire
An economic idea that government should interfere as little as possible in the economy.
32. Fascisme
An extreme authoritarian ideology that promotes nationalism, obedience to the state, and strong centralized power.
36. Libre-Ă©change
Trade between countries with few or no tariffs, taxes, or restrictions.
37. Privatisation
The transfer of a government-owned business or service to private ownership.
41. Nationaliser
To transfer a private company or industry into government ownership.
46. FĂ©minisme
A movement and ideology that seeks equal rights and opportunities for all genders.
47. Mouvement social
A group of people working together to create social or political change.
51. Ăcologisme
A movement and ideology focused on protecting the environment and promoting sustainability.
54. Justice sociale
Chapitre 3
1. Désobéissance civile
The peaceful and deliberate breaking of a law to protest something considered unjust.
2. Religion civile
Shared beliefs, symbols, and values that unite a nation and create a sense of national identity.
3. Religion dâĂtat
A religion that is officially recognized and supported by a government.
4. Diaspora
A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland while maintaining ties to their culture.
5. LâHolocauste
The genocide of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II.
6. Djihad
In Islam, a struggle or effort in the service of God; it can refer to a personal spiritual struggle or, in some cases, armed defense of the faith.
7. Théocratie
A form of government where religious leaders rule and religious law guides the state.
8. Suffrage
The right to vote in elections.
9. SiĂšcle des LumiĂšres
An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights.
10. La sĂ©paration de lâĂglise et de lâĂtat
The principle that government and religious institutions should remain independent from one another.
11. Dogme
A principle or belief accepted as unquestionably true by a religion or ideology.
12. Fondamentalisme
A movement that seeks a strict return to the original principles of a religion.
13. DĂ©mographie
The study of populations, including their size, growth, and characteristics.
14. Sionisme
A political movement supporting the creation and preservation of a Jewish homeland in Israel.
The idea that society should be fair and provide equal rights, opportunities, and access to resources.
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