Sanat Bilimi ve Estetik Ders Notları

ICT 252 - Çevre Bilimi I - Ders 3

ICT 252 - Çevre Bilimi I: Yapı Formu üzerindeki Etkiler 33

What are some examples of human behaviors that might be considered instinctual? Human instinctual behaviors include newborn reflexes (like grasping), fear responses (like loud noises or heights), bonding between parents and children, facial expressions (like smiling and crying), the fight-or-flight response, imitation, language learning ability, and the need for social connection. In Drive-Reduction Theory, what is meant by a “drive”? What about “homeostasis”? In Drive-Reduction Theory, a “drive” is an internal state of tension or discomfort caused by an unmet biological need, such as hunger or thirst, that motivates a person to act. “Homeostasis” refers to the body’s tendency to maintain a stable and balanced internal state, so behaviors are motivated by the desire to reduce drives and restore balance. How is the Arousal Theory different from Drive-Reduction Theory? Arousal Theory focuses on seeking an optimal level of stimulation, while Drive-Reduction Theory focuses on reducing biological needs. Arousal explains thrill-seeking; drive-reduction explains behaviors like eating when hungry. How does Maslow’s Hierarchy suggest we prioritize our goals? Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that people tend to prioritize basic needs before higher-level goals. According to the theory, physiological needs like food and sleep come first, followed by safety, love and belonging, esteem, and finally self-actualization, which involves reaching one’s full potential. The idea is that lower-level needs usually must be reasonably satisfied before a person focuses strongly on higher-level needs. Give a real-life example of each level of Maslow’s hierarchy. In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, physiological needs include food and sleep, safety needs include shelter and security, love and belonging involve friendships and family, esteem needs include confidence and respect, and self-actualization involves reaching personal goals and potential. Why might Maslow's theory be criticized across different cultures?+ù Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs may be criticized across cultures because it reflects individualistic values, such as personal achievement and self-actualization, which may not be prioritized equally in all societies. In some cultures, community, family, or group needs may be considered more important than individual goals. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Intrinsic Motivation comes from internal enjoyment or personal satisfaction, while Extrinsic Motivation comes from external rewards or pressures, such as money, grades, or praise. Which type of motivation do you think leads to more lasting change? Why? Intrinsic Motivation usually leads to more lasting change because the behavior is driven by genuine interest, enjoyment, or personal meaning, so it continues even without external rewards. Extrinsic Motivation can be effective in the short term, but the behavior often stops when rewards or pressure are removed, since the motivation depends on outside factors rather than internal commitment. What are the traits of someone with a high need for achievement? A person with a high need for achievement sets challenging but realistic goals, prefers tasks with clear personal responsibility, seeks feedback, and is persistent. They are motivated by doing well and improving rather than just external rewards. Why might low achievers choose tasks that are either very easy or very hard? People with a low need for achievement may choose very easy tasks because they are almost guaranteed success, which helps them avoid failure and protect their self-esteem. They may also choose very hard tasks because failure can be blamed on the difficulty of the task rather than their ability, which also protects their self-image. What role does the hypothalamus play in hunger? The hypothalamus helps regulate hunger by monitoring the body’s energy needs and signaling when to eat or stop eating. Different parts work together: one area triggers hunger when energy is low, while another signals fullness after eating. It responds to hormones, blood sugar levels, and signals from the stomach to maintain balance. What is the difference between set point theory and settling point theory? Set point theory says the body has a fixed, biologically controlled weight it tries to maintain. Settling point theory says weight is flexible and depends on lifestyle and environment, so it can change over time. What psychological and social cues can influence how much we eat? Psychological cues like stress, mood, and distraction can increase or decrease how much we eat. Social cues such as eating with others, portion sizes, and cultural expectations also strongly influence eating behavior. What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa? Anorexia Nervosa includes extreme food restriction, significant weight loss, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image. It can also cause fatigue, dizziness, feeling cold, and in some cases, serious health problems. How does bulimia differ from anorexia? Bulimia Nervosa involves binge eating followed by purging and often normal weight. Anorexia Nervosa involves severe food restriction and very low body weight. How might perfectionism be linked to the development of eating disorders? Perfectionism can lead people to set unrealistically high standards for their body, weight, or eating habits, which increases stress and dissatisfaction. This pressure can contribute to restrictive eating or binge-purge behaviors as they try to “achieve” an ideal body image. According to James-Lange theory, what comes first: the emotion or the physical response? According to James-Lange Theory, the physical response comes first. The body reacts to a stimulus, and then the brain interprets those physical changes as an emotion. How does Cannon-Bard theory explain simultaneous emotion and bodily reaction? Cannon-Bard Theory says emotion and bodily reaction happen at the same time. A stimulus triggers the brain to send signals that produce both the emotional experience and the physical response simultaneously, rather than one causing the other. What evidence supports the idea that emotions are biologically universal? Evidence shows people across cultures recognize the same facial expressions, and even blind people show them, suggesting emotions are biologically universal. Similar brain activity patterns also support this idea. . What are Paul Ekman’s universal emotions? Paul Ekman identified six universal emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. How might facial expressions influence how we feel? Facial expressions can shape emotions through the idea that acting a certain way can influence how we feel internally. For example, smiling may increase feelings of happiness, while frowning can intensify sadness. Body and facial feedback to the brain helps reinforce or even create emotional experiences. Why is it important to recognize that emotions can be expressed differently across cultures? Paul Ekman shows some emotions are universal, but recognizing cultural differences matters because people can display and interpret emotions in different ways across cultures. Misunderstanding these differences can lead to miscommunication or incorrect judgments about others’ feelings or intentions

NCLEX Review: Mental Health Disorders Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Excessive worry lasting 6 months or more Symptoms: Restlessness Muscle tension Fatigue Poor concentration Sleep disturbance Panic Disorder Sudden intense fear with: Chest pain Palpitations Shortness of breath Feeling of doom Nursing: Stay with client Calm environment Short/simple communication Phobias Irrational fear of object/situation Treatment: Exposure therapy CBT SSRIs sometimes used OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) Obsessions = intrusive thoughts Compulsions = repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety Nursing: Do not suddenly stop rituals Set limits gradually Encourage coping skills PTSD Triggered after traumatic event Symptoms: Flashbacks Hypervigilance Nightmares Avoidance Priority: Safety Trauma-informed care Depression Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms SIGECAPS: Sleep changes Interest loss Guilt Energy low Concentration poor Appetite changes Psychomotor changes Suicidal thoughts Nursing Priorities Suicide assessment Nutrition/hydration Sleep/rest Medication adherence Medications SSRIs Examples: Sertraline Fluoxetine Teachings: Takes weeks to work Do not stop abruptly Watch for serotonin syndrome Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms: Agitation Fever Tremor Hyperreflexia Diarrhea Bipolar Disorder Mania Symptoms Mnemonic: DIG FAST Distractibility Indiscretion Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity increased Sleep deficit Talkative Nursing Care Reduce stimulation Set firm limits High-calorie finger foods Encourage rest Medications Mood Stabilizers Lithium Anticonvulsants Lithium Toxicity Therapeutic level: 0.6–1.2 mEq/L Toxic signs: Tremor Vomiting Confusion Ataxia Severe diarrhea Important: Maintain sodium/fluid intake Dehydration increases toxicity risk Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Positive Symptoms Things added: Hallucinations Delusions Paranoia Disorganized speech Negative Symptoms Things lost: Flat affect Social withdrawal Anhedonia Lack of motivation Hallucination Nursing Response Present reality “I do not hear the voices.” Assess for command hallucinations Delusions Do NOT argue. Respond: “I understand this feels real to you.” Antipsychotics First Generation Haloperidol Risk: EPS Tardive dyskinesia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) Second Generation Olanzapine Risperidone Risk: Weight gain Diabetes Metabolic syndrome EPS Symptoms Acute dystonia Akathisia Parkinsonism Tardive dyskinesia Treatment: Benztropine Diphenhydramine Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Medical emergency: Fever Rigidity Confusion Elevated CK Personality Disorders Cluster A Odd/eccentric Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B Dramatic/emotional Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Borderline Personality Disorder Fear of abandonment Splitting staff Self-harm risk Nursing: Consistent boundaries Team communication Cluster C Anxious/fearful Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Severe restriction Distorted body image Bradycardia Electrolyte imbalance Priority: Monitor cardiac status Daily weights Observe after meals Bulimia Nervosa Binge/purge behavior Normal weight often seen Complications: Hypokalemia Dental erosion Substance Use Disorders Alcohol Withdrawal Starts within hours after last drinkd

bulimia

Manual de Instrucciones para la Vigilancia del Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (Bolivia 2019)

bolivia flashcards

bulimia

MODULE 4: BOLIVIA

Spanish Chapter 10 Culture Paraguay y Bolivia

Desarrollo del Mercado de Hidrocarburos en Bolivia

También la lluvia (Bolivia)

Bolivia

Pueblos Indígenas de Bolivia

FİZİK BİLİMİNE GİRİŞ

Bolivia, Perú, Ecuador

Chapter 19 Evaluation – Apply to all chapters – Once you implement a intervention -you need to assess whether it worked or not---- equals = EVALUATE whether it worked, --- Do I need to change the intervention, do I need to modify the intervention or do I say it worked = met the evaluation -- I achieved the outcome I was looking for. Chapter 20- Read over the terminology at the beginning. Very important terms. What does it mean to document and why is it so important? What does the patient record contain? What are the characteristics of effective documentation? What is the purpose of privacy and confidentiality? What happens if you do not follow those rules? READ over Box-20-1, what does HIPAA stand for? Glance at the abbreviations but we will go over !! Delegation is important when it comes to documentation - working with Nursing assistants - must follow all policies of what NA can chart/ LVN's and what the RN will chart . Need to know job description and duties!! For quality performance improvement how important is documentation? Types /Methods of documentation - Electronic EHR records, source oriented records, problem- oriented medical records = SOAP charting , PIE, focus charting, charting by exception, . Models of charting = CASE Management, collaborative, unusually occurrence, … Nursing documentation - Assessments, care plan, patient care summary - area charting- critical care, progress notes, flow sheet=graphic record. MAR, acquity, discharge/transfer, Home health documentation AMA, Nurses reporting to each other at the change of shift = change of shift report=Handoff reports , calling doctors, transferring patients < Incident reports. Chapter 30 -Medication Chapter: Administering medications is very important- understanding terminology is first- what do all the terminology mean and why? Pharmacology, pharmokinetics, pharmacist( knowing their responsibility - Prinicipals of pharmacology what/why do we need to understand nomenclature of drugs? Generic vs. trade, What are the different types of drugs ? why is that important? What is the importance of drug classification? Again what is Drug indications mean? Versus action of drug? How do the mechanics of drugs interfer with drug action? Pharmokinetics! What does the word Bioavailability mean? What are the different types of Drug reactions and how do they differ?( adverse, allergic, toxic, idiosyncratic). What type of factors can affect Drug action: ( developmental, weight, cultural/genetic, psychological, environmental, timing)- More terminology – half life, why do we need to know that? Can you give an example of that? Peak and trough -again what is the importance of collecting a peak and trough and demonstrate or explain how to do both? Principles of medication- medications prescriptions and orders. You need to know what an order is , what is included on an order what are the details of importance about the order ( what are the components on the order). What are different types of orders and can you describe the difference of how they work? Who can write orders? Are there rules to for checking orders and questioning orders? Know your math for medication . what are the rights to medication( there are a lot but ) which are the most important up front. Now, apply the Nursing Process to this chapter- what type of problems can the patient demonstrate while starting med, taking meds or . Here is a question-"Pharmacokinetics question type" – medication administered that are renal toxic should have what frequent assessment of which blood values: WBC, Ptt, BUN , creatinine, glucose. chapter 33 Skin/wounds- What is the function of the skin, layers of the skin- after that understand why I am asking you to know those functions and sites. Because you need to think how deep and where the wound is and what it looks like. Assess the wound : type clean/dirty, acute/chronic, intentional/unintentiona. How does a wound heal: phases of healing,- look at each phase- and recognize a specific details to know about that phase. What are complications of wounds? What do they mean? And if they happen what will the nurse do to assist the patient to over come their complication. What are factors to develop wounds? What different factors that can actually create or assist in the development of a wound? What do you look for when you are ASSESSING-(patient responses)- color, size, smell, location, drainage =color-what are colors and names of drainage? , amount, smell, - terminology-maceration, evisceration, fistula, tunneling, - . Pressure wounds- what are they? how do they develop? How do you know it is a pressure wound? Are there stages of a pressure wound? How do you tell the difference- again, look at specific detail!! ( earlier I asked you about the layers of the skin)!!!! How do we take care to of pressure ulces (wounds)???? What are some Nursing Interventions that can be done by nurse to prevent pressure wounds and how do care for them once they have developed and how do we slow them down to not progress to the next stage.?? Critical think -- what is important to take care of a wound. How do help people heal a wound. Can you create a pressure wound in 1-day??What are some colors of a pressure wound? What do the colors mean? If we need to debride a wound-- what does debridement mean? What types of debridement are there? ( autolytic, mechanical, enzymatic, sharp) --How do you know a wound is infected? What does a nurse need to do to check for an infection? How do they collect a specimen. lastly , Utilizing the Nursing process in this chapter-- and referring to Chapter 15 also -- when you have skin broken--- what type of Nursing diagnosis would you use to label the patients wound response???? Look over the different type of Nursing diagnosis. How does Heat and Cold help a patient and what problems could develop from either heat or cold. Chapter-text-37 Nutrition Chapter- what is the purpose of reading the labels on store items, what is the GI tract function? What is the function of the esophagus , stomach, small intestine, large colon, rectum and anus? What does a nutrient mean? How much of fat, Carbs , protein, ? Food label look it over. Look over the PLATE Food!! Why is nutrition so important? How does it help the patient? Why is this an important intervention to assess. How do you assess a patients nutritional status? What does Positive or Negative Nitrogen Balance mean? Anorexia Nervosus means what ? Anorexia means what ? Bulemia? What is malnutrition? How much weight can you lose that is steady and good to lose? Look at some labs: Albumin, Prealbumin, Cholesterol, triglycerides, CBC, SMA7=Na+, K+, cl, co2, gluc BUN, CREAT, Mg, CA. : Types of Diet- NPO, Ice chips, clear liquid, full liquid, puree diet, mechanical diet, - renal diet, liver diet, cardiac diet- what is included in the diet ( each of these diets) ie- what can you eat to get your potassium? To give you eyes nutrition? Pharmacology Book: (enteral/Parenteral chapter)-first what is the difference between enteral and parenteral nutrition? Under Enteral Nutrition- what is a the purpose of a salem sump tube versus a soft silastic tube with a wire in it? What is the primary purpose for each tube. What is the direction of how to place an nasogastric tube in position? How do we verifiy it is in the correct position. What are some management of care towards the nasogastric tube. What are some problems/complications having a nasogastic tube. Ok , we started tube feeding, what are some complications with starting tube feeding to someone who hasn’t had any food in awhile . If there is any complications from tube feeding how do you handle them? What is Parenteral Nutrition ? What is PPN vs. TPN. What is the primary ingredient in the PPN or the TPN? What are complications with TPN nutrition? How does Enteral Nutrition compare to Parenteral (TPN) Nutrition? What are some complications from TPN nutrition? Pharmacology Book : Vitamins/minerals vitamins and minerals - fat soluble and water soluble how do they differ? What is important about each vitamin? What should you teach your patient about these meds. Which meds can be toxic? What is important about IRON, what is important about Ferrous . How did the two differ? ( read very carefully for the difference)

Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia of Aging

Bulimia Nervosa