Patho: Chapter 8 (Electrolyte Balance)

Found. of Nutrition - Exam 3 (pt. 2 - trace minerals + water)

Unit 1: Macromolecules and Water

History Final The Railroad: Why were railroads so important for moving west? They fueled westward settlement, spurred the growth of towns, and created massive demand for mass-produced steel and coal, physically connecting rural farmlands to urban factories to build a powerhouse national economy How did they heIp the country change from farming to a factory-based economy? they brought heavy, manufactured factory goods West. The U.S. required unprecedented amounts of steel, iron, coal, and timber. To operate safely and efficiently, they developed professional management hierarchies, advanced accounting, and time zones. Indian Wars: What was the main reason for the fighting between the U.S. government and NativeAmericans in the late 1800s? (Hint: Think about white settlers moving onto their lands). Western expansion . As white settlers and gold prospectors flooded onto Native American lands, the U.S. government forced tribes onto reservations. Forced Change (Assimilation): What was the goal of the Dawes Act? Idea of making civilized land, took away tribe unity What did Indian Boarding Schools force Native American children to do to their culture, hair, and language? to abandon their heritage in a process known as forced assimilation. To become more americanized killing off their culture Big Business & The Gilded Age Rise of Factories: What did the government do (or not do) that allowed giant businesses to grow so fast in the late 1800s? allowed businesses to operate without strict labor, safety, or environmental regulations. The Gilded Age: Why did Mark Twain use the phrase "Gilded Age" to describe this time in history? To describe that while the US was growing and thriving there were many societal issues behind the scenes “Picture perfect front, not back.” What is the difference between a "Captain of Industry" and a "Robber Baron"? Captain of industry (GOOD) Creates jobs, Fair wages, Good working conditions Focus on innovations and new inventions Gives back money to charity, schools, hospitals Robber Baron (BAD) Unfair wages Slows other smaller companies and businesses Buys politicians bribery Famous Bosses&Inventions: Know who Andrew Carnegie(Steel)and John D. Rockefeller (Oil) were. ANDREW CARNEGIE- Scottish American industrialist, made a lot of money in the steel industry, known for giving away money JOHN D ROCKERFELLER- A wealthy American businessman, founded the Standard oil company, became the richest man, using oil. How did electricity change where people could build factories? Electricity liberated factories from needing to be built near bodies of water or coal mines. By utilizing power grids and individual electric motors Unions and Laws: What was the goal of the Interstate Commerce Act? was passed by Congress to regulate the railroad industry, specifically targeting monopolistic practices. Its goal was to ensure fair and reasonable shipping rates, prohibit price discrimination against small businesses and farmers, and establish the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee these operations How did workers use "collective bargaining" to get better rights? Workers utilized collective bargaining through labor unions to negotiate as a unified group with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions, rather than negotiating individually They would not work until the wage or conditions were raised to be better Immigration: Why did many Americans(Nativists)push back against new immigrants? Many Americans pushed back in fear of losing jobs and getting it taken away from them, because immigrants were willing to do the jobs for less money while they would be doing it for more, hence kicking them out. What was the main goal of the Chinese Exclusion Act? To keep the chinese out because they were taking jobs Mainly stopped them from entering Imperialism (America Expands Overseas) Reasons to Expand: Why did the U.S.want to take over islands and colonies overseas in the late 1800s? The U.S. sought overseas colonies to secure raw materials and new markets for its growing industrial output. Policymakers also desired strategic naval bases Why did some Americans think it was wrong to rule over other people? it directly contradicted the nation's foundational ideals of liberty, democracy, and the "consent of the governed". They believed that subjugating foreign populations violated the core principles of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution Spanish-American War: How did Yellow Journalism (exaggerated news)and the sinking of the U.S.S.Mainestart a war? Yellow journalism started the war because of exaggeration What lands did the U.S.get after winning? the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines China and Latin America: What was the Open Door Policy,and who were the "Boxers" trying to kick out of China? The Open Door Policy (1899) was a U.S. foreign policy stating that all foreign nations should have equal and unhindered trading rights in China. The "Boxers" were members of a secret Chinese society (the Yihetuan) who violently rebelled to expel all Westerners, foreign imperialists, and Christian missionaries from China. Explain the different foreign policies of the presidents: Teddy Roosevelt's "Big Stick" (and theRoosevelt Corollary), William Howard Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy", and Woodrow Wilson's"Moral Diplomacy". TEDDY ROOSEVELT- Theodore Roosevelt operated on the West African proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.". His philosophy focused on peaceful negotiation backed by the explicit threat of a powerful military, particularly the U.S. Navy WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT- His policy aimed to "substitute dollars for bullets," using American economic investments to secure diplomatic stability and expand foreign trade WOODROW WILSON - Woodrow Wilson rejected the imperialism of the "Big Stick" and the materialism of "Dollar Diplomacy". His strategy, engineered alongside Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan, aimed to support nations that aligned with American moral values, democracy, and human rights. How did Teddy Roosevelt get the land to build the Panama Canal? After Colombia rejected a U.S. offer to lease the land, Roosevelt dispatched U.S. warships to block Colombian troops, allowing Panama to declare independence in November 1903 The Progressive Era The Goal: What did Progressives believe was threatening democracy and the rights of regular people?(Hint:Think about Big Business). Progressives believed that concentrated corporate power, unchecked monopolies, and corrupt political machines were threatening democracy. They feared this vast wealth allowed Big Business to bypass the democratic process, rig the economy, and exploit regular people Muckrakers: Who were the muckrakers? Muckrakers were investigative journalists of the early 1900’s who exposed misconduct by powerful organizations or people. How did Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle change the way our meat and food are inspected? The animals had to be inspected before slaughter Inspected after slaughter Had to have clean standards Meat had to have a stamp of approval Cannots adulter, no harmful chemicals No misbranding No narcotics Power to the People: How did new voting systems like the initiative,referendum,recall,and direct primary give regular citizens more power in government? Initiative Citizens are adding a proposed law to a ballot.. Citizens became law makers Refederrum State legislatures put a proposed law on the ballot, voters approve or repeal, voters get veto power Recall Voters can remove political officials before their term ends accountability Direct primary shifted the power to choose political candidates from party bosses directly to regular citizens. Presidents &Nature: Who broke or "busted" more trusts:Teddy Roosevelt or William Howard Taft? William Howard Taft did more to regulate monopolies than TR did. He continued a lot of what teddy started. Which president made protecting the environment a national issue? Teddy roosevelt Rights Movements: What was the primary goal of the NAACP? The NAACP stands for National Association for the advancement of colored people. to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of all minority citizens, eliminate race-based discrimination, and ensure the health and well-being of all persons What finally caused women's suffrage(the right to vote) to pass in 1920? Women's suffrage passed in 1920 because decades of tireless grassroots activism and radical protests during the Progressive Era forced President Woodrow Wilson and Congress to act. World War I! Causes of the War: What were the main causes of WWI? (M-A-I-N) Militarism Empires were expensive to build and defend. Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than the enemy which leads to competition. Alliances Secret treaties, Europe was divided by a complex web of mutual defense pacts. The two primary blocks were the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Imperialism European nations had been building empires and extending economic, and political control. Germany competed with France and Great Britain for colonies. Nationalism Extreme patriotism led to many nations believing that their culture and goals were superior. Why was this war so much more destructive than older wars? Industrialized Weaponry: The advent of the Industrial Revolution allowed for the mass production of highly lethal, mechanized weapons. Innovations like quick-firing artillery, heavy machine guns, poison gas, and tanks drastically increased the rate and scale of casualties Trench Warfare and Attrition: The combination of machine guns and defensive fortifications led to vast, stagnant stalemates. Instead of rapid maneuvers, generals resorted to relentless artillery barrages followed by infantry charges across fortified "no man's land", resulting in massive, grinding losses of life with very little territorial gain U.S.Joins the Fight:Why did the U.S.stop being neutral and join the war? (Hint:Look closely at the Zimmermann Note). Many Americans felt that the U.S. should fight alongside the U.K. and France, and the German submarine sent a Great Britain ship with many Americans on it. Then 2 years later after a worsening relationship we joined and made a secret attempt to turn Mexico against us. The Homefront: What did the Selective Service Act do? Required all men between 21-30 to register for the draft. How did regular Americans support the war effort at home (Liberty Bonds,saving food/energy,Daylight Savings Time)? directly purchasing war bonds, rationing staples like food and fuel, planting Victory Gardens, and observing Daylight Saving Time Free Speech: What did the Sedition Act do to people who spoke out or wrote bad things about the government during the war? Targeted U.S. citizens, including journalists who criticized the act of provoking rebellion. The Peace Treaty: What was Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace called? The fourteen points League of nations is part of the fourteen points Why did the U.S. does the Senate refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles and refuse to join the League of Nations? constitutional concerns over surrendering Congress's war-making power, a strong desire to avoid permanent foreign entanglements, and bitter partisan clashes between President Woodrow Wilson The Amendments:13-19th Amendments! From the progressive era 16-19th 2 Questions 13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude nationwide, except as a punishment for a crime. 14th Amendment (1868): Defined national citizenship and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws". 15th Amendment (1870): Prohibited the government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 16th Amendment (1913): Authorized the federal government to collect an income tax. 17th Amendment (1913): Established the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote, replacing selection by state legislatures. 18th Amendment (1919): Prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, launching the era of Prohibition. 19th Amendment (1920): Granted women the right to vote in all local, state, and federal elections Geography: There will be a WORLD MAP on the exam.Think about our Imperialism and WWI units. Imperialism (Late 19th - Early 20th Century) The Scramble for Africa: Pay close attention to the continent of Africa as you will likely need to identify which European powers colonized which regions. Focus on the massive territorial claims of Great Britain and France, as well as Germany's attempts to expand its empire. Asia and the Pacific: Be prepared to locate territories like India, Indochina (French), and the Philippines. You should also identify the emerging imperial power of Japan in East Asia. ⚔️ World War I Europe (1914-1918) Allied Powers: Locate Great Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States and Italy. Central Powers: Identify the core nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Western Front: Be ready to map the border between France and Germany where the most intense trench warfare took place. The Eastern Front: Locate the border regions between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. The Spark: Find the city of Sarajevo (in Bosnia) on the map, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, igniting the war

Weight and Balance for Large Airplanes

Water Systems and Equipment Flashcards

Weight and Balance Equiment

Science 8, Unit 4 - Water Systems on Earth

Weight and Balance

Vitamins, Minerals and Water

Aircraft Weight and Balance

Wat zijn de drie functies van staatsrecht? Constitueren: ambten instellen. Attribueren: bevoegdheden toekennen. Reguleren: grenzen stellen aan bevoegdheidsuitoefening. Wat is de juiste volgorde: constitueren, attribueren, reguleren? 1 constitueren, 2 attribueren, 3 reguleren. Eerst ambt, dan bevoegdheid, dan grens. Waarom moet staatsrecht bepalen welk ambt welke bevoegdheid heeft? Om machtsconcentratie en machtsmisbruik te voorkomen; zonder bevoegdheidsverdeling kan één groep wetgeven, besturen en rechtspreken. Welke drie elementen maken volgens het volkenrecht een staat? Bevolking/groep personen, grondgebied, effectief en daadwerkelijk onafhankelijk gezag. Is erkenning nodig om staatskarakter te hebben? Nee. Erkenning is declaratoir: staten spreken bereidheid uit betrekkingen aan te gaan; staatskarakter hangt af van de feitelijke criteria. Wat betekent volkenrechtelijke soevereiniteit? Zelfstandigheid en onafhankelijkheid tegenover andere staten; de staat oefent macht uit zonder inmenging en is rechtssubject in het volkenrecht. Valt het ontstaan van een staat samen met het ontstaan van een nieuwe overheid? Nee. Een staatsgreep of nieuw constitutioneel bestel betekent niet automatisch een nieuwe staat zolang bevolking, grondgebied en effectief gezag blijven. Welke drie manieren van ontstaan/tenietgaan van staten noemt de stof? Opsplitsing, samenvoeging/opgaan in één staat, en theoretisch ontstaan op voorheen staatsloos territoir met bevolking. Wie erkent staten? Andere staten. Het volkenrecht wijst geen centraal internationaal orgaan of vaste procedure aan. Welke criteria spelen bij erkenning van staten? Harde eis: feitelijke staatskenmerken. Daarnaast politieke criteria zoals democratie, minderhedenrechten, grondrechten en niet-gewelddadige grenswijziging. Wat is soevereine immuniteit? Een vreemde staat kan voor overheidshandelingen niet zomaar door de rechter van een andere staat worden beoordeeld, tenzij die staat rechtsmacht aanvaardt. Kan een ambt tot meerdere overheidsverbanden behoren? Ja. De Koning is bijvoorbeeld ambt binnen Nederland en binnen het Koninkrijk. Vertegenwoordigt een ambt publiekrechtelijk het overheidsverband? Nee, publiekrechtelijk handelt het ambt zelf. Privaatrechtelijk kan vertegenwoordiging van het overheidsverband wel spelen. Waar berust volgens Kortmann soevereiniteit in Nederland? Niet bij één orgaan, maar bij het overheidsverband: Koninkrijk voor Koninkrijksaangelegenheden en centrale verbanden van de landen voor eigen aangelegenheden. Waarom zijn klassieke grondrechten rechtsstatelijk? Zij beschermen vrijheidssferen van burgers tegen de overheid en temperen overheidsmacht. Waarom zijn sociale grondrechten volgens Kortmann een vreemd element in de rechtsstaatgedachte? Zij vragen juist overheidsinterventie, terwijl de rechtsstaat klassieke beperking/tempering van overheidsmacht benadrukt. Wanneer passen sociale grondrechten wel in de rechtsstaatgedachte? Als zij de positie van burgers tegenover de overheid versterken en bijdragen aan hun vrijheidssfeer. Wat is een organiek besluit in materiële zin? Een besluit met primaire constituerende functie: het stelt ambten in of richt staatsrechtelijke organisatie in, ongeacht vorm of grondwettelijke opdracht. Is elke wet op grondwettelijke opdracht een organiek besluit in materiële zin? Nee. Alleen als de wet een primaire constituerende functie heeft. Waarom is Kortmann terughoudend met ongeschreven staatsrecht rond regering en parlement? Het geschreven staatsrecht is een open systeem; te veel ongeschreven regels zouden het systeem dichtzetten en bestendigheid/coherentie aantasten. Wat is een convention? Een vaste praktijk of vast gedragspatroon. Welke conventions zijn positief staatsrecht volgens Kortmann? Vooral de vertrouwensregel en de regel dat een kabinet het parlement niet twee keer mag ontbinden over hetzelfde conflict. Kan jurisprudentie bron van constitutioneel recht zijn? Ja. Vooral bij normen tussen ambten en burgers, met inachtneming van het toetsingsverbod. Wat betekent het limitatieve karakter van constitueren en attribueren? Alleen ambten en bevoegdheden die tot de constitutie zijn te herleiden kunnen rechtens bestaan. Kan ongeschreven recht bevoegdheden creëren? Nee. Ongeschreven recht kan geen bevoegdheidsgrondslag zijn, maar kan wel bevoegdheidsuitoefening normeren. Wat is het legaliteitsbeginsel? Overheidsbevoegdheden en belastend overheidsoptreden moeten een wettelijke/constitutionele grondslag hebben. Kent Nederlands constitutioneel recht één specifieke legitimiteitsgrondslag? Nee. Er is geen unieke soevereiniteitsideologie; legitimiteit blijkt uit verspreide constructies zoals kiesrecht, grondrechten, rechtspraak en openbaarheid. Wat zijn drie kenmerken van Nederlandse machtenscheiding volgens Kortmann? Drie zelfstandige ambtencomplexen; scheiding is niet absoluut; checks and balances beperken macht. Wat is constitutionalisme? Organisatie van de overheid met machtenspreiding over verschillende ambten/verbanden; tegenover absolutisme. Welke drie staatsvormen worden onderscheiden? Gecentraliseerde eenheidsstaat, gedecentraliseerde eenheidsstaat, federale staat. Sluit federalisering decentralisatie uit? Nee. Deelstaten binnen een federatie kunnen zelf gedecentraliseerd zijn. Noem drie confederale EU-elementen. Verdragsgrondslag, recht van secessie/uittreding, besluitvorming met unanimiteit of gekwalificeerde meerderheid. Noem drie federale EU-elementen. Rechtspersoonlijkheid EU, supranationale/exclusieve bevoegdheden, rechterlijk toezicht/voorrang EU-recht/binding burgers. Wat is een wet in formele zin? Een besluit dat tot stand komt door regering en Staten-Generaal gezamenlijk volgens art. 81 Gw. Wat is een wet in materiële zin? Een algemene, externe regel; hoeft niet van de formele wetgever te komen. Kan de formele wetgever elke inhoud aan een wet geven? In beginsel ruim, maar begrensd door grondrechten, bevoegdheden van andere ambten en ongeschreven rechtsbeginselen. Wat is attributie? Originaire toekenning/schepping van een bevoegdheid aan een ambt. Wat is delegatie? Overdracht van een bestaande geattribueerde bevoegdheid aan een ander ambt, onder eigen verantwoordelijkheid van de delegataris. Wat is mandaat? Bevoegdheid wordt namens de mandans uitgeoefend; de mandans behoudt de bevoegdheid en verantwoordelijkheid. Wat is privatieve werking bij delegatie? De delegans kan de gedelegeerde bevoegdheid niet meer zelf uitoefenen zolang delegatie geldt. Wanneer is delegatie van regelgevende bevoegdheid grondwettelijk toegestaan? Bij formuleringen als “bij of krachtens de wet” of termen als “regels/regelen” die delegatie mogelijk maken. Is art. 81 Gw attributie of delegatie? Attributie: wetgevende bevoegdheid aan regering en Staten-Generaal gezamenlijk. Waarom is constitutioneel recht primair recht? Het regelt totstandkoming, gelding en handhaving van andere rechtsnormen en wijziging van regels over regelvorming. Heeft constitutioneel recht volgens Kortmann als zodanig een legitimerende functie? Nee, maar de inhoud kan feitelijke aanvaarding van overheidsgezag versterken. Wat is géén rechtsstaatuitvloeisel bij Kortmann: sociale bestaansvoorwaarden of geen terugwerkende kracht? Het voorzien in materiële voorwaarden voor menswaardig bestaan is bij Kortmann geen klassiek rechtsstaatuitvloeisel. Noem vier kenmerken van Nederlands constitutioneel recht. Weinig ideologisch; monarchale terminologie/ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid; open systeem; geen centrale constitutionele rechter. Waarom kan de Staatsregeling 1798 de eerste Nederlandse Grondwet worden genoemd? Omdat zij de eenheidsstaat Nederland vestigde en als basiswet van die eenheidsstaat fungeerde. Waarom kan de Grondwet 1814 de eerste Nederlandse Grondwet worden genoemd? Omdat zij de eerste Grondwet na onafhankelijkheid van Frankrijk was en hoofdlijnen nog herkenbaar zijn. Wat kenmerkt de Grondwetsherziening van 1983? Bekorting en systematisering; nieuw hoofdstuk grondrechten; sociale grondrechten; wijzigingen rechtspraak; doodstrafverbod. Is het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden volkenrechtelijk een staat? Ja, aan de volkenrechtelijke criteria kan worden voldaan, maar staatsrechtelijk is het een eigensoortige associatie/samenwerkingsverband. Wat is de basisregeling van het Koninkrijk? Het Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden én deels de Nederlandse Grondwet via art. 5 Statuut. Wat staat hiërarchisch hoger: Statuut of Nederlandse Grondwet? Voor zover niet Koninkrijksconstitutioneel: het Statuut staat hoger; de Grondwet moet het Statuut in acht nemen. Mag de rechter de Grondwet toetsen aan het Statuut? Volgens de Hoge Raad is toetsing van formele wet inclusief Grondwet aan het Statuut uitgesloten. Noem belangrijke Koninkrijksaangelegenheden. Defensie/onafhankelijkheid, buitenlandse betrekkingen, Nederlanderschap, ridderorden/vlag/wapen, scheepsnationaliteit/veiligheid, toelating/uitzetting Nederlanders, uitlevering, waarborging mensenrechten/rechtszekerheid/deugdelijk bestuur. Wanneer is rijksregeling vereist? Als het een Koninkrijksaangelegenheid betreft én de regeling ook in Aruba, Curaçao of Sint Maarten zal gelden. Welke technieken heeft de rechter bij verdragsrecht? Verdragsbepaling toepassen en strijdig nationaal recht buiten toepassing laten; verdragsconforme interpretatie; schadevergoeding/onrechtmatige daad bij niet-naleving. Wat betekent “een ieder verbindende bepaling”? Een verdragsbepaling die de rechter kan toepassen zonder beleidskeuzes te maken die aan wetgever of bestuur zijn voorbehouden. Wat doet de Europese Commissie globaal? Initiatief tot regelgeving, toezicht op naleving, dagelijks bestuur, bevoegdheden zoals mededinging, lidstaten voor Hof dagen. Wat doet het Europees Parlement globaal? Mede-wetgeving en controle op de Commissie. Wat doet het Hof van Justitie van de EU? Oordeelt over niet-naleving EU-recht en beantwoordt prejudiciële vragen voor uniforme toepassing. Wat is een EU-verordening? Algemene strekking, verbindend in al haar onderdelen en rechtstreeks toepasselijk in elke lidstaat. Wat is een EU-richtlijn? Verbindend voor het te bereiken resultaat; lidstaten kiezen vorm en middelen van uitvoering. Zijn aanbevelingen en adviezen verbindend? Nee, maar rechters kunnen er wel rekening mee houden bij interpretatie. Waarom reikt conformeringsplicht aan EU-recht verder dan gewoon internationaal recht? EU-recht werkt volgens Hof-jurisprudentie autonoom door; strijdig nationaal recht blijft van rechtswege buiten toepassing, ongeacht monisme/dualisme. Wat is het verschil tussen gecentraliseerde en gedecentraliseerde eenheidsstaat? In de gecentraliseerde staat liggen bevoegdheden bij centrale organen; in de gedecentraliseerde staat oefenen decentrale verbanden eigen bevoegdheden uit. Wat is autonomie bij decentrale overheden? Eigen regeling en bestuur van eigen huishouding binnen wettelijke grenzen. Wat is medebewind? Decentrale organen voeren taken uit die door hoger recht/centrale wetgever aan hen zijn opgedragen. Wat is het hoofdverschil autonomie vs medebewind voor verantwoordelijkheid? Bij autonomie meer eigen beleidsruimte; bij medebewind uitvoering van hogere regeling en vaak meer toezicht/verantwoordingsplicht. Welke vormen van bestuurlijk toezicht kent Nederland? Preventief toezicht zoals goedkeuring en repressief toezicht zoals schorsing/vernietiging. Wat is kenmerkend voor verhouding centraal-decentraal in een gedecentraliseerde eenheidsstaat? Decentrale vrijheid bestaat, maar binnen door centrale wetgever gestelde grenzen en onder mogelijk toezicht. Welke betekenissen kan “Koning” in de Grondwet hebben? De persoon van de koning, de regering/Koning als regeringsambt, of soms koninklijke macht met ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid. Wat betekent ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid voor de koning? De koning is onschendbaar; ministers zijn politiek verantwoordelijk voor koninklijk handelen en uitlatingen. Mag de koning privébelangen van het koninklijk huis politiek doordrukken? Nee. Invloed van de koning staat onder ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid; ministers moeten algemeen belang en verantwoordelijkheid bewaken. Wat gebeurt als geen troonopvolger is aan te wijzen? De Grondwet kent procedures zoals benoeming van een opvolger bij wet, afhankelijk van de situatie. Zijn reglementen van orde van Kamers staatsrechtelijk bindend? Ja, intern bindend voor de Kamerorganisatie; zij regelen procedure en orde van het parlementaire ambt. Wat is de ratio van openbaarheid van Kamervergaderingen? Democratische controle, transparantie en publieke verantwoording van volksvertegenwoordiging. Wat is quorum? Het minimumaantal leden dat aanwezig moet zijn om geldig te kunnen beraadslagen/besluiten volgens de regels. Is partijlidmaatschap vereist om een Kamerzetel te krijgen? Nee. Zetels komen juridisch toe aan gekozen personen, niet aan partijen. Waarom zijn voorkeurstemmen relevant? Zij kunnen bepalen welke kandidaten op een lijst daadwerkelijk een zetel krijgen. Is contraseign relevant voor geldigheid van besluiten van de Koning? Ja. Besluiten van de Koning vereisen ministeriële medeondertekening voor geldigheid. Is contraseign de enige basis van ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid? Nee. Politieke verantwoordelijkheid voor de koning is ruimer dan alleen medeondertekende besluiten. Welke twee parlementaire rechten liggen besloten in art. 68 Gw? Vragenrecht/inlichtingenrecht en interpellatieachtige informatiecontrole; Kamerleden kunnen inlichtingen verlangen tenzij strijdig met belang van de staat. Waarom kiest een Kamerlid bij belangrijk politiek conflict eerder interpellatie dan gewone vragen? Interpellatie leidt tot plenair debat en directe politieke confrontatie; gewone vragen zijn beperkter. Wat is het enquêterecht? Parlementair onderzoek met vergaande bevoegdheden om informatie te verkrijgen, ook van burgers/ambtenaren. Heeft het enquêterecht alleen controlefunctie? Nee. Ook waarheidsvinding, informatievergaring, agendering en soms politieke verantwoording. Wanneer vraagt de regering advies aan de Raad van State over wetsvoorstellen? In de voorbereidende fase vóór indiening bij de Tweede Kamer. Kan de regering advies van de Raad van State negeren? Ja, het advies is zwaarwegend maar niet bindend. Wie is verantwoordelijk voor een koninklijke boodschap bij wetsvoorstel? De betrokken minister(s), zichtbaar via contraseign/ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid rond het voorstel. Welke typen noodtoestand kent de Coördinatiewet uitzonderingstoestanden? Beperkte noodtoestand en algemene noodtoestand; verschil zit vooral in reikwijdte/intensiteit van noodbevoegdheden. Valt een concreet besluit van een zbo onder politieke ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid? Beperkt. Minister is meestal verantwoordelijk voor systeem/toezicht/benoeming, niet volledig voor elk zelfstandig concreet besluit. Wat zijn zelfstandige bestuursorganen? Bestuursorganen die niet hiërarchisch ondergeschikt zijn aan een minister maar publieke taken uitoefenen. Waarom bestaan zbo’s? Voor onafhankelijke, deskundige of op afstand geplaatste taakuitoefening, vaak om politieke beïnvloeding te beperken. Wat is het verschil tussen politieke en juridische verantwoordelijkheid? Politiek: verantwoording aan parlement. Juridisch: rechtmatigheid/toetsing door rechter of wettelijke aansprakelijkheid. Wat is art. 120 Gw? Toetsingsverbod: rechter treedt niet in beoordeling van grondwettigheid van wetten in formele zin en verdragen. Wat is formele toetsing? Toetsing of een wet volgens juiste procedure/vorm tot stand kwam. Wat is materiële toetsing? Toetsing van de inhoud van een wet aan hogere normen zoals Grondwet of rechtsbeginselen. Wat besliste het Harmonisatiewet-arrest in hoofdlijn? De rechter mag wetten in formele zin niet toetsen aan de Grondwet en ook niet aan fundamentele rechtsbeginselen om art. 120 Gw te omzeilen. Welke colleges behoren tot de rechterlijke macht volgens de Grondwet? In elk geval rechtbanken, gerechtshoven en Hoge Raad; sommige bestuursrechters behoren niet automatisch tot rechterlijke macht. Hoe is rechterlijke onafhankelijkheid grondwettelijk gewaarborgd? Onder meer benoeming voor het leven, ontslag/schorsing alleen in bij wet bepaalde gevallen en door rechterlijke instantie. Waarom voldeed Kroonberoep niet aan art. 6 EVRM? Omdat geschilbeslechting uiteindelijk bij bestuur/Kroon lag en dus onvoldoende onafhankelijk/onpartijdig was. Wat is de burgerlijke rechter als lacunerechter? De burgerlijke rechter biedt rechtsbescherming waar geen voldoende bestuursrechtelijke rechtsgang openstaat. Waarom is lacunerechter een elastische bevoegdheid? De rol krimpt of groeit afhankelijk van de beschikbaarheid van gespecialiseerde bestuursrechtelijke rechtsbescherming. Mag de rechter de wetgever bevelen formele wetgeving tot stand te brengen? In beginsel nee; dat raakt de staatsrechtelijke positie van de wetgever. Welke technieken heeft de Nederlandse rechter om Unierecht te effectueren? Nationaal recht buiten toepassing laten, richtlijnconforme/Unieconforme interpretatie, prejudiciële vragen stellen en effectieve rechtsbescherming bieden. Wat is constitutionele toetsing in Nederlandse verhoudingen? Beoordeling van wetgeving aan constitutionele normen; voor formele wetten aan Grondwet is dit door art. 120 Gw verboden. Uit welk gedachtegoed komen klassieke grondrechten vooral voort? Liberaal-rechtstatelijk gedachtegoed, naast historische/christelijke wortels. Waarom ontstonden klassieke grondrechten? Als bescherming tegen machtsconcentratie bij overheid/vorst en ter garantie van individuele vrijheid. Wat is het verschil klassieke en sociale grondrechten? Klassieke grondrechten zijn vaak subjectieve vrijheidsrechten tegen overheid; sociale grondrechten zijn vooral opdrachten/zorgplichten voor overheid. Waarom is klassiek vs sociaal niet altijd scherp? Klassieke rechten kunnen positieve verplichtingen vragen; sociale rechten kunnen vrijheid van burgers versterken. Welke zes typen grondrechten onderscheidt Kortmann naar functie? Basis-/bodemnormen, klassieke vrijheidsrechten, gelijkheidsnormen, politieke participatierechten, sociale grondrechten, procedurele waarborgen. Wat zijn basis- en bodemnormen? Ongeclausuleerde normen die de fysieke/psychische kern van de mens beschermen tegen aantasting. Wat zijn politieke participatierechten? Rechten die deelname aan democratische besluitvorming mogelijk maken, zoals kiesrecht. Wat is horizontale werking van grondrechten? Werking van grondrechten in verhoudingen tussen burgers/particulieren onderling, direct of indirect. Wat betekent glijdende schaal bij horizontale werking? Er zijn meerdere intensiteiten: van inspiratie/interpretatie tot directe toepassing tussen private partijen. Wat is een algemene beperking van grondrechten? Een beperking die niet specifiek op het grondrecht is gericht, maar het recht feitelijk wel raakt. Wat is een bijzondere beperking van grondrechten? Een beperking die specifiek het grondrecht beperkt en moet passen binnen de beperkingsclausule van dat grondrecht. Wie mag art. 3 Gw beperken? Alleen de formele wetgever, omdat art. 3 Gw bepaalt dat alle Nederlanders op gelijke voet in openbare dienst benoembaar zijn “volgens de wet”.

TOPIC 5: THE WATER CYCLE AND WATER INSECURITY

Physio. Ch19 Part 2 Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance

Water Characteristics

Water Soluble Vitamins

Nutritional Exam 3 - Part 2: Trace Minerals & Water

Water Soluble Vitamins Study Guide | Nutrition Exam 2

FRESHMAN THEOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Mrs. Innamorato + Mrs. Huntt SACRAMENTS Word Bank: Jesus | grace | physical | Christ | priest | faith | outward/visible sign | Church A sacrament is an outward/visible sign of inward grace. Jesus instituted the sacraments. Catholics believe God uses physical things to give spiritual grace. Sacraments help strengthen our faith. A sacrament works because of God’s power, not because of the holiness of the priest. Sacraments are actions of Christ working through the Church. A sacrament actually gives grace, not just symbolizes it. True or False (correct if needed): The sacraments are important in Catholic life. → True The words and physical elements of a sacrament matter. → True If the correct matter and form are missing, a sacrament may be invalid. → True A sacrament can be effective even if the person receiving it does not feel anything. → True Sacraments shape both the individual and the entire Church community. → True BAPTISM Word Bank: Original Sin | water | Baptism | adoption | white | oil Baptism actually removes Original Sin. Baptism is required before receiving the other sacraments. We see adoption happen in Baptism. What color do we wear in Baptism? white What form gives strength against sin, protection from evil, and preparation for Christian life? oil True or False: A person must feel changed for Baptism to be effective. → False (Baptism works even if you don’t feel it) In an emergency, a non-priest can baptize someone. → True Baptism only matters if someone continues to practice the faith. → False (it always matters) SANCTIFYING GRACE When God’s own life lives within your soul, this is called Sanctifying Grace. THE EUCHARIST Word Bank: Body and Blood | bread and wine | Cross | Host | appearance | Eucharist Catholics believe Jesus is truly present in the Host. The Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Christ. bread and wine are used because they were common foods at the Last Supper. The appearance of bread and wine remains after consecration. The Eucharist is the same sacrifice as the Cross, made present again. Jesus is fully present in every particle of the Host. True or False: The Eucharist is a symbol that helps Catholics remember Jesus. → False (It IS Jesus, not just a symbol) The Eucharist is the most important sacrament. → True EUCHARISTIC MIRACLES Every Eucharistic Miracle has the following elements: (Typical answer: consecrated host showing physical change into flesh/blood, confirmed by Church approval, and a miracle that strengthens faith) CONFIRMATION & SACRED CHRISM Word Bank: bishop | permanent spiritual mark | noticeable | Christ forever | apostles | remains | perfume | forehead Sacred Chrism is blessed by the bishop once a year. The anointing with Chrism leaves a permanent spiritual mark. The scent of Chrism is meant to remind Christians that faith should be noticeable. The anointing with Chrism shows that a person belongs to Christ forever. The bishop’s role in blessing Chrism connects the sacrament to the apostles. The oil of Chrism fades, but the seal it gives remains. What form is supposed to remind us that faith should be noticeable? perfume Why is your forehead anointed in Confirmation? → To show faith publicly and visibly. RECONCILIATION Word Bank: apostles | Christ | grace | confession | forgiveness Jesus gave the apostles the authority to forgive sins. In Reconciliation, the priest acts in the person of Christ. Reconciliation restores grace lost through sin. Heaven rejoices when someone goes to confession. God forgives sins even if the priest is not personally holy because forgiveness comes from Christ. True or False: Reconciliation was created by the Church long after Jesus. → False A priest may share what is said in confession. → False Confession must be spoken out loud. → True If you purposely don’t say a sin, you are in deeper sin. → True ANOINTING OF THE SICK & LAST RITES Word Bank: Confession | Anointing of the Sick | Holy Communion | Apostolic Pardon | Viaticum Last Rites may include: Confession, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Communion, Apostolic Pardon, Viaticum The Apostolic Pardon removes all punishment due to sin. Viaticum is the Eucharist given to someone preparing to meet God. Confession is normally received before Anointing of the Sick, if possible. True or False: Last Rites should only be given at the end of life. → False The Apostolic Pardon is only effective if the person is conscious. → False Last Rites prepare the soul, not signal hopelessness. → True A person is abandoned by the Church afterward. → False HOLY ORDERS & MARRIAGE Openness to children is required for a valid marriage. Marriage can be repeated if one spouse dies. Deacons can baptize and witness marriages but cannot consecrate the Eucharist. True or False: Contraception is allowed in Catholic marriage. → False Priests act in Christ’s person only during Mass. → False (also sacraments/confession) Nuns and sisters have roles sacramentally equivalent to priests. → False HEAVEN Word Bank: God | Beatific Vision | identity | saints Heaven is perfect union with God. Beatific Vision means seeing God face to face in perfect happiness. In Heaven we keep our identity. If we go to Heaven we become saints. True or False: We keep identity and relationships in Heaven. → True We can suffer in Heaven. → False We become angels. → False HELL Word Bank: without God | eternal | human freedom | reject God Hell is without God. Hell is eternal separation from God. Hell is evidence of human freedom. People in Hell freely reject God and His love. True or False: People can pray souls out of Hell. → False PURGATORY Word Bank: purification | temporary | Heaven | God’s grace | unclean Purgatory is a place of purification. Purgatory is temporary. Purgatory leads us to Heaven. Those who die in God’s grace but need purification go to Purgatory. Nothing unclean enters Heaven. True or False: Heaven and Purgatory are both temporary. → False Can you help souls in Purgatory? → Yes DIVINE MERCY Jesus appeared to St. Faustina and taught the Divine Mercy Chaplet. “For the sake of His sorrowful passion, have mercy on us and on the whole world.” Divine Mercy is found in the Heart of Jesus. PRAYER Word Bank: Adoration | Contrition | Thanksgiving | Supplication ACTS stands for: A = Adoration C = Contrition T = Thanksgiving S = Supplication Prayer is communication with God. Prayer involves speaking and listening. True or False: Prayer is only asking God for things. → False Prayer strengthens relationship with God. → True Jesus modeled prayer. → True ELIJAH & PRAYER Elijah challenged prophets of Baal. Elijah rebuilt the altar of the Lord. God sent fire from heaven. “The Lord—He is God!” True or False: Elijah tried to prove his own power. → False Elijah trusted God before result. → True God answered Elijah’s prayer. → True SOUL (MOVIE) Joe Gardner wants to be a jazz musician. The soul 22 does not want to go to Earth. A “spark” is not the same as a person’s purpose/soul. FREE WILL & JOSEPH Joseph’s brothers sold him. He was taken to Egypt. “You intended harm, but God intended it for good.” True or False: Joseph’s life went exactly as planned. → False God worked through it. → True Joseph did not forgive. → False END TIMES Death Judgment Heaven Hell immediately end God God purification True or False: Catholics believe in rapture. → False Christ will return. → True Hell is real. → True Choices matter eternally. → True TUDY GUIDE SACRAMENTS Word Bank: Jesus | grace | physical | Christ | priest | faith | outward/visible sign | Church A sacrament is an outward/visible sign of inward grace. Jesus instituted the sacraments. Catholics believe God uses physical things to give spiritual grace. Sacraments help strengthen our faith. A sacrament works because of God’s power, not because of the holiness of the priest. Sacraments are actions of Christ working through the Church. A sacrament actually gives grace, not just symbolizes it. True or False (correct if needed): The sacraments are important in Catholic life. → True The words and physical elements of a sacrament matter. → True If the correct matter and form are missing, a sacrament may be invalid. → True A sacrament can be effective even if the person receiving it does not feel anything. → True Sacraments shape both the individual and the entire Church community. → True BAPTISM Word Bank: Original Sin | water | Baptism | adoption | white | oil Baptism actually removes Original Sin. Baptism is required before receiving the other sacraments. We see adoption happen in Baptism. What color do we wear in Baptism? white What form gives strength against sin, protection from evil, and preparation for Christian life? oil True or False: A person must feel changed for Baptism to be effective. → False (Baptism works even if you don’t feel it) In an emergency, a non-priest can baptize someone. → True Baptism only matters if someone continues to practice the faith. → False (it always matters) SANCTIFYING GRACE When God’s own life lives within your soul, this is called Sanctifying Grace. THE EUCHARIST Word Bank: Body and Blood | bread and wine | Cross | Host | appearance | Eucharist Catholics believe Jesus is truly present in the Host. The Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Christ. bread and wine are used because they were common foods at the Last Supper. The appearance of bread and wine remains after consecration. The Eucharist is the same sacrifice as the Cross, made present again. Jesus is fully present in every particle of the Host. True or False: The Eucharist is a symbol that helps Catholics remember Jesus. → False (It IS Jesus, not just a symbol) The Eucharist is the most important sacrament. → True EUCHARISTIC MIRACLES Every Eucharistic Miracle has the following elements: (Typical answer: consecrated host showing physical change into flesh/blood, confirmed by Church approval, and a miracle that strengthens faith) CONFIRMATION & SACRED CHRISM Word Bank: bishop | permanent spiritual mark | noticeable | Christ forever | apostles | remains | perfume | forehead Sacred Chrism is blessed by the bishop once a year. The anointing with Chrism leaves a permanent spiritual mark. The scent of Chrism is meant to remind Christians that faith should be noticeable. The anointing with Chrism shows that a person belongs to Christ forever. The bishop’s role in blessing Chrism connects the sacrament to the apostles. The oil of Chrism fades, but the seal it gives remains. What form is supposed to remind us that faith should be noticeable? perfume Why is your forehead anointed in Confirmation? → To show faith publicly and visibly. RECONCILIATION Word Bank: apostles | Christ | grace | confession | forgiveness Jesus gave the apostles the authority to forgive sins. In Reconciliation, the priest acts in the person of Christ. Reconciliation restores grace lost through sin. Heaven rejoices when someone goes to confession. God forgives sins even if the priest is not personally holy because forgiveness comes from Christ. True or False: Reconciliation was created by the Church long after Jesus. → False A priest may share what is said in confession. → False Confession must be spoken out loud. → True If you purposely don’t say a sin, you are in deeper sin. → True ANOINTING OF THE SICK & LAST RITES Word Bank: Confession | Anointing of the Sick | Holy Communion | Apostolic Pardon | Viaticum Last Rites may include: Confession, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Communion, Apostolic Pardon, Viaticum The Apostolic Pardon removes all punishment due to sin. Viaticum is the Eucharist given to someone preparing to meet God. Confession is normally received before Anointing of the Sick, if possible. True or False: Last Rites should only be given at the end of life. → False The Apostolic Pardon is only effective if the person is conscious. → False Last Rites prepare the soul, not signal hopelessness. → True A person is abandoned by the Church afterward. → False HOLY ORDERS & MARRIAGE Openness to children is required for a valid marriage. Marriage can be repeated if one spouse dies. Deacons can baptize and witness marriages but cannot consecrate the Eucharist. True or False: Contraception is allowed in Catholic marriage. → False Priests act in Christ’s person only during Mass. → False (also sacraments/confession) Nuns and sisters have roles sacramentally equivalent to priests. → False HEAVEN Word Bank: God | Beatific Vision | identity | saints Heaven is perfect union with God. Beatific Vision means seeing God face to face in perfect happiness. In Heaven we keep our identity. If we go to Heaven we become saints. True or False: We keep identity and relationships in Heaven. → True We can suffer in Heaven. → False We become angels. → False HELL Word Bank: without God | eternal | human freedom | reject God Hell is without God. Hell is eternal separation from God. Hell is evidence of human freedom. People in Hell freely reject God and His love. True or False: People can pray souls out of Hell. → False PURGATORY Word Bank: purification | temporary | Heaven | God’s grace | unclean Purgatory is a place of purification. Purgatory is temporary. Purgatory leads us to Heaven. Those who die in God’s grace but need purification go to Purgatory. Nothing unclean enters Heaven. True or False: Heaven and Purgatory are both temporary. → False Can you help souls in Purgatory? → Yes DIVINE MERCY Jesus appeared to St. Faustina and taught the Divine Mercy Chaplet. “For the sake of His sorrowful passion, have mercy on us and on the whole world.” Divine Mercy is found in the Heart of Jesus. PRAYER Word Bank: Adoration | Contrition | Thanksgiving | Supplication ACTS stands for: A = Adoration C = Contrition T = Thanksgiving S = Supplication Prayer is communication with God. Prayer involves speaking and listening. True or False: Prayer is only asking God for things. → False Prayer strengthens relationship with God. → True Jesus modeled prayer. → True ELIJAH & PRAYER Elijah challenged prophets of Baal. Elijah rebuilt the altar of the Lord. God sent fire from heaven. “The Lord—He is God!” True or False: Elijah tried to prove his own power. → False Elijah trusted God before result. → True God answered Elijah’s prayer. → True SOUL (MOVIE) Joe Gardner wants to be a jazz musician. The soul 22 does not want to go to Earth. A “spark” is not the same as a person’s purpose/soul. FREE WILL & JOSEPH Joseph’s brothers sold him. He was taken to Egypt. “You intended harm, but God intended it for good.” True or False: Joseph’s life went exactly as planned. → False God worked through it. → True Joseph did not forgive. → False END TIMES Death Judgment Heaven Hell immediately end God God purification True or False: Catholics believe in rapture. → False Christ will return. → True Hell is real. → True Choices matter eternally. → True

FRESHMAN THEOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Mrs. Innamorato + Mrs. Huntt SACRAMENTS Word Bank: Jesus | grace | physical | Christ | priest | faith | outward/visible sign | Church A sacrament is an outward/visible sign of inward grace. Jesus instituted the sacraments. Catholics believe God uses physical things to give spiritual grace. Sacraments help strengthen our faith. A sacrament works because of God’s power, not because of the holiness of the priest. Sacraments are actions of Christ working through the Church. A sacrament actually gives grace, not just symbolizes it. True or False (correct if needed): The sacraments are important in Catholic life. → True The words and physical elements of a sacrament matter. → True If the correct matter and form are missing, a sacrament may be invalid. → True A sacrament can be effective even if the person receiving it does not feel anything. → True Sacraments shape both the individual and the entire Church community. → True BAPTISM Word Bank: Original Sin | water | Baptism | adoption | white | oil Baptism actually removes Original Sin. Baptism is required before receiving the other sacraments. We see adoption happen in Baptism. What color do we wear in Baptism? white What form gives strength against sin, protection from evil, and preparation for Christian life? oil True or False: A person must feel changed for Baptism to be effective. → False (Baptism works even if you don’t feel it) In an emergency, a non-priest can baptize someone. → True Baptism only matters if someone continues to practice the faith. → False (it always matters) SANCTIFYING GRACE When God’s own life lives within your soul, this is called Sanctifying Grace. THE EUCHARIST Word Bank: Body and Blood | bread and wine | Cross | Host | appearance | Eucharist Catholics believe Jesus is truly present in the Host. The Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Christ. bread and wine are used because they were common foods at the Last Supper. The appearance of bread and wine remains after consecration. The Eucharist is the same sacrifice as the Cross, made present again. Jesus is fully present in every particle of the Host. True or False: The Eucharist is a symbol that helps Catholics remember Jesus. → False (It IS Jesus, not just a symbol) The Eucharist is the most important sacrament. → True EUCHARISTIC MIRACLES Every Eucharistic Miracle has the following elements: (Typical answer: consecrated host showing physical change into flesh/blood, confirmed by Church approval, and a miracle that strengthens faith) CONFIRMATION & SACRED CHRISM Word Bank: bishop | permanent spiritual mark | noticeable | Christ forever | apostles | remains | perfume | forehead Sacred Chrism is blessed by the bishop once a year. The anointing with Chrism leaves a permanent spiritual mark. The scent of Chrism is meant to remind Christians that faith should be noticeable. The anointing with Chrism shows that a person belongs to Christ forever. The bishop’s role in blessing Chrism connects the sacrament to the apostles. The oil of Chrism fades, but the seal it gives remains. What form is supposed to remind us that faith should be noticeable? perfume Why is your forehead anointed in Confirmation? → To show faith publicly and visibly. RECONCILIATION Word Bank: apostles | Christ | grace | confession | forgiveness Jesus gave the apostles the authority to forgive sins. In Reconciliation, the priest acts in the person of Christ. Reconciliation restores grace lost through sin. Heaven rejoices when someone goes to confession. God forgives sins even if the priest is not personally holy because forgiveness comes from Christ. True or False: Reconciliation was created by the Church long after Jesus. → False A priest may share what is said in confession. → False Confession must be spoken out loud. → True If you purposely don’t say a sin, you are in deeper sin. → True ANOINTING OF THE SICK & LAST RITES Word Bank: Confession | Anointing of the Sick | Holy Communion | Apostolic Pardon | Viaticum Last Rites may include: Confession, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Communion, Apostolic Pardon, Viaticum The Apostolic Pardon removes all punishment due to sin. Viaticum is the Eucharist given to someone preparing to meet God. Confession is normally received before Anointing of the Sick, if possible. True or False: Last Rites should only be given at the end of life. → False The Apostolic Pardon is only effective if the person is conscious. → False Last Rites prepare the soul, not signal hopelessness. → True A person is abandoned by the Church afterward. → False HOLY ORDERS & MARRIAGE Openness to children is required for a valid marriage. Marriage can be repeated if one spouse dies. Deacons can baptize and witness marriages but cannot consecrate the Eucharist. True or False: Contraception is allowed in Catholic marriage. → False Priests act in Christ’s person only during Mass. → False (also sacraments/confession) Nuns and sisters have roles sacramentally equivalent to priests. → False HEAVEN Word Bank: God | Beatific Vision | identity | saints Heaven is perfect union with God. Beatific Vision means seeing God face to face in perfect happiness. In Heaven we keep our identity. If we go to Heaven we become saints. True or False: We keep identity and relationships in Heaven. → True We can suffer in Heaven. → False We become angels. → False HELL Word Bank: without God | eternal | human freedom | reject God Hell is without God. Hell is eternal separation from God. Hell is evidence of human freedom. People in Hell freely reject God and His love. True or False: People can pray souls out of Hell. → False PURGATORY Word Bank: purification | temporary | Heaven | God’s grace | unclean Purgatory is a place of purification. Purgatory is temporary. Purgatory leads us to Heaven. Those who die in God’s grace but need purification go to Purgatory. Nothing unclean enters Heaven. True or False: Heaven and Purgatory are both temporary. → False Can you help souls in Purgatory? → Yes DIVINE MERCY Jesus appeared to St. Faustina and taught the Divine Mercy Chaplet. “For the sake of His sorrowful passion, have mercy on us and on the whole world.” Divine Mercy is found in the Heart of Jesus. PRAYER Word Bank: Adoration | Contrition | Thanksgiving | Supplication ACTS stands for: A = Adoration C = Contrition T = Thanksgiving S = Supplication Prayer is communication with God. Prayer involves speaking and listening. True or False: Prayer is only asking God for things. → False Prayer strengthens relationship with God. → True Jesus modeled prayer. → True ELIJAH & PRAYER Elijah challenged prophets of Baal. Elijah rebuilt the altar of the Lord. God sent fire from heaven. “The Lord—He is God!” True or False: Elijah tried to prove his own power. → False Elijah trusted God before result. → True God answered Elijah’s prayer. → True SOUL (MOVIE) Joe Gardner wants to be a jazz musician. The soul 22 does not want to go to Earth. A “spark” is not the same as a person’s purpose/soul. FREE WILL & JOSEPH Joseph’s brothers sold him. He was taken to Egypt. “You intended harm, but God intended it for good.” True or False: Joseph’s life went exactly as planned. → False God worked through it. → True Joseph did not forgive. → False END TIMES Death Judgment Heaven Hell immediately end God God purification True or False: Catholics believe in rapture. → False Christ will return. → True Hell is real. → True Choices matter eternally. → True TUDY GUIDE SACRAMENTS Word Bank: Jesus | grace | physical | Christ | priest | faith | outward/visible sign | Church A sacrament is an outward/visible sign of inward grace. Jesus instituted the sacraments. Catholics believe God uses physical things to give spiritual grace. Sacraments help strengthen our faith. A sacrament works because of God’s power, not because of the holiness of the priest. Sacraments are actions of Christ working through the Church. A sacrament actually gives grace, not just symbolizes it. True or False (correct if needed): The sacraments are important in Catholic life. → True The words and physical elements of a sacrament matter. → True If the correct matter and form are missing, a sacrament may be invalid. → True A sacrament can be effective even if the person receiving it does not feel anything. → True Sacraments shape both the individual and the entire Church community. → True BAPTISM Word Bank: Original Sin | water | Baptism | adoption | white | oil Baptism actually removes Original Sin. Baptism is required before receiving the other sacraments. We see adoption happen in Baptism. What color do we wear in Baptism? white What form gives strength against sin, protection from evil, and preparation for Christian life? oil True or False: A person must feel changed for Baptism to be effective. → False (Baptism works even if you don’t feel it) In an emergency, a non-priest can baptize someone. → True Baptism only matters if someone continues to practice the faith. → False (it always matters) SANCTIFYING GRACE When God’s own life lives within your soul, this is called Sanctifying Grace. THE EUCHARIST Word Bank: Body and Blood | bread and wine | Cross | Host | appearance | Eucharist Catholics believe Jesus is truly present in the Host. The Eucharist is truly the Body and Blood of Christ. bread and wine are used because they were common foods at the Last Supper. The appearance of bread and wine remains after consecration. The Eucharist is the same sacrifice as the Cross, made present again. Jesus is fully present in every particle of the Host. True or False: The Eucharist is a symbol that helps Catholics remember Jesus. → False (It IS Jesus, not just a symbol) The Eucharist is the most important sacrament. → True EUCHARISTIC MIRACLES Every Eucharistic Miracle has the following elements: (Typical answer: consecrated host showing physical change into flesh/blood, confirmed by Church approval, and a miracle that strengthens faith) CONFIRMATION & SACRED CHRISM Word Bank: bishop | permanent spiritual mark | noticeable | Christ forever | apostles | remains | perfume | forehead Sacred Chrism is blessed by the bishop once a year. The anointing with Chrism leaves a permanent spiritual mark. The scent of Chrism is meant to remind Christians that faith should be noticeable. The anointing with Chrism shows that a person belongs to Christ forever. The bishop’s role in blessing Chrism connects the sacrament to the apostles. The oil of Chrism fades, but the seal it gives remains. What form is supposed to remind us that faith should be noticeable? perfume Why is your forehead anointed in Confirmation? → To show faith publicly and visibly. RECONCILIATION Word Bank: apostles | Christ | grace | confession | forgiveness Jesus gave the apostles the authority to forgive sins. In Reconciliation, the priest acts in the person of Christ. Reconciliation restores grace lost through sin. Heaven rejoices when someone goes to confession. God forgives sins even if the priest is not personally holy because forgiveness comes from Christ. True or False: Reconciliation was created by the Church long after Jesus. → False A priest may share what is said in confession. → False Confession must be spoken out loud. → True If you purposely don’t say a sin, you are in deeper sin. → True ANOINTING OF THE SICK & LAST RITES Word Bank: Confession | Anointing of the Sick | Holy Communion | Apostolic Pardon | Viaticum Last Rites may include: Confession, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Communion, Apostolic Pardon, Viaticum The Apostolic Pardon removes all punishment due to sin. Viaticum is the Eucharist given to someone preparing to meet God. Confession is normally received before Anointing of the Sick, if possible. True or False: Last Rites should only be given at the end of life. → False The Apostolic Pardon is only effective if the person is conscious. → False Last Rites prepare the soul, not signal hopelessness. → True A person is abandoned by the Church afterward. → False HOLY ORDERS & MARRIAGE Openness to children is required for a valid marriage. Marriage can be repeated if one spouse dies. Deacons can baptize and witness marriages but cannot consecrate the Eucharist. True or False: Contraception is allowed in Catholic marriage. → False Priests act in Christ’s person only during Mass. → False (also sacraments/confession) Nuns and sisters have roles sacramentally equivalent to priests. → False HEAVEN Word Bank: God | Beatific Vision | identity | saints Heaven is perfect union with God. Beatific Vision means seeing God face to face in perfect happiness. In Heaven we keep our identity. If we go to Heaven we become saints. True or False: We keep identity and relationships in Heaven. → True We can suffer in Heaven. → False We become angels. → False HELL Word Bank: without God | eternal | human freedom | reject God Hell is without God. Hell is eternal separation from God. Hell is evidence of human freedom. People in Hell freely reject God and His love. True or False: People can pray souls out of Hell. → False PURGATORY Word Bank: purification | temporary | Heaven | God’s grace | unclean Purgatory is a place of purification. Purgatory is temporary. Purgatory leads us to Heaven. Those who die in God’s grace but need purification go to Purgatory. Nothing unclean enters Heaven. True or False: Heaven and Purgatory are both temporary. → False Can you help souls in Purgatory? → Yes DIVINE MERCY Jesus appeared to St. Faustina and taught the Divine Mercy Chaplet. “For the sake of His sorrowful passion, have mercy on us and on the whole world.” Divine Mercy is found in the Heart of Jesus. PRAYER Word Bank: Adoration | Contrition | Thanksgiving | Supplication ACTS stands for: A = Adoration C = Contrition T = Thanksgiving S = Supplication Prayer is communication with God. Prayer involves speaking and listening. True or False: Prayer is only asking God for things. → False Prayer strengthens relationship with God. → True Jesus modeled prayer. → True ELIJAH & PRAYER Elijah challenged prophets of Baal. Elijah rebuilt the altar of the Lord. God sent fire from heaven. “The Lord—He is God!” True or False: Elijah tried to prove his own power. → False Elijah trusted God before result. → True God answered Elijah’s prayer. → True SOUL (MOVIE) Joe Gardner wants to be a jazz musician. The soul 22 does not want to go to Earth. A “spark” is not the same as a person’s purpose/soul. FREE WILL & JOSEPH Joseph’s brothers sold him. He was taken to Egypt. “You intended harm, but God intended it for good.” True or False: Joseph’s life went exactly as planned. → False God worked through it. → True Joseph did not forgive. → False END TIMES Death Judgment Heaven Hell immediately end God God purification True or False: Catholics believe in rapture. → False Christ will return. → True Hell is real. → True Choices matter eternally. → True