Found. of Nutrition - Exam 3 (pt. 2 - trace minerals + water)

How much do you require of trace minerals a day

<100mg

What is the most common mineral deficiency in the US

iron

Iron supplements ______ zinc absorption

decrease

Oysters are a good source of what three minerals

zinc, chromium, copper

What five minerals are associated with the thyroid

iodine, iron, selenium, magnesium, zinc

Antioxidants/Enzymes - Iron

CaT1

Antioxidants/enzymes - Zinc and Copper

SOD1 (cytosol/INTRAcellular)

SOD3 (EXTRAcellular)

Antioxidants/enzymes - Manganese

SOD2 (mitochondria)

What population has the highest %BW of water

infants

Which gender has more %BW of water and why

males (more muscles = more water)

Does Caffeine result in loss of body fluid

NO

Dehydration - thirst mechanism begins at ____ of BW lost in water

<1%

Chronic dehydration can cause

gallstones, kidney stones, constipation

Another name for water intoxication

hyponatremia

Iron functions

hemoglobin

CAT (catalase)

cytochrome C (ETC)

Which type of iron heme or nonheme is more bioavailable (more absorption)

heme

RDAs for Iron (genders)

women - 18mg

men - 8mg

Why do women require more iron

they store less

after menopause - require the same amount as a man

RDAs for Iron (special populations)

pregnant - 27mg

vegetarians - 1.8x

Heme Iron sources

liver and red meat

Heme iron is absorbed via

facilitated diffusion - hcp1 (heme carrier protein 1)

Nonheme Iron sources

enriched grains and legumes

Nonheme Iron is absorbed via

facilitated diffusion - DMT1

Anything with a +2 charge uses (competition for absorption)

DMT

Nonheme iron is digested via

ferrireductase (requires vitamin C)

Storage protein for iron

ferritin (in SI, liver, spleen, bone marrow)

Transport protein for iron in plasma

transferrin

Basolateral membrane protein for iron

ferroportin

Ferroportin is regulated by

Hepcidin

When is more hepcidin made

high iron, inflammation, infection

When is less hepcidin made

hypoxia and anemia

If you have low iron, how does this affect transferrin (transport) and ferritin (storage)

high transferrin

low ferritin

If you have high iron, how does this affect transferrin (transport) and ferritin (storage)

low transferrin

high ferritin

What mineral decreases iron absorption

calcium

Deficiency of iron

with or without anemia

Microcytic anemia (stage 4 iron deficiency anemia)

Deficiency of iron symptoms

pallor of conjunctiva

fatigue

What population should you not give iron supplements to

alcoholics

Toxicity of Iron occurs in what population

hemochromatosis (RARE disease)

What mineral is the main competition for absorption in iron and calcium

zinc

Zinc functions

gene expression (zinc fingers)

ADH - vit A (oxidize retinol → al → acid)

• decrease risk of age-related macular degeneration

decrease duration of a cold

folate digestion

Zinc is stored (short term) bound to cysteine in

metallothionein

Without zinc, what happens to vitamin A

stuck in the liver

Zinc sources

oysters and meat

RDA’s for zinc

women - 8mg/d

men - 11mg/d

vegetarians need 1.5x

Deficiency of zinc symptoms

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (skin lesions)

hypogeusia (lack of taste)

Toxicity of zinc symptoms

metallic taste

**causes copper deficiency

Copper is found in high concentrations within what organ

liver

Copper functions

ceruloplasmin (glycoprotein)

collagen cross-linking (lysyl oxidase)

cytochrome C (ETC)

Ceruloplasmin/ferroxidase

located on ferroportin

required for iron transport out of enterocyte (oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+)

Copper is a transition metal

Cu+ (cuprous) → Cu2+ (cupric)

Copper sources

liver, cocoa (MC in US), oysters

Deficiency of copper symptoms and disease name

Menkes (kinky hair syndrome)

depigmentation

neutropenia - impaired immunity

Which symptom of copper deficiency is the best early indicator

neutropenia

Toxicity of copper symptoms and disease name

Wilson’s disease

• Kayer-Fleischer (rings around cornea)

liver damage

Treatment of Wilson’s disease (high copper)

increase zinc and molybdenum intake (will compete for absorption)

What is the #1 cause of preventable brain damage worldwide

iodine deficiency

Iodine functions

thyroid (75% of iodine located here)

develop CNS and skeletal system

Iodine sources

dairy (MC in US)

seafood

iodized salt

fruits and veggies (depends on soil content)

Limit foods with goitrogens (protein in food that bind iodine)

soy, cabbage, kale

**cooking will inactivate!

Iodine deficiency

cretinism

goiter

Iodine toxicity

hyper → hypo = thyroid burnout

Manganese functions

would healing

Manganese sources

shellfish

whole grains

legumes

Manganese is a stunt double (can replace when low) for

magnesium

Manganese deficiency symptom

slow growth

Manganese toxicity occurs in what population

minors

Manganese toxicity symptoms

tremors

memory loss

Chromium function

insulin secretion/release (binding)

Chromium sources

oysters, potatoes, meat

Chromium deficiency symptoms

elevated plasma glucose and FFA (b/c low insulin)

severe weight loss

Molybdenum function (metalloenzyme)

xanthine oxidase (hypoxanthine → uric acid)

• reperfusion injury

• purine metabolism and gout

Molydbenum sources

legumes

whole grains

Molybdenum deficiency symptoms

encephalopathy and seizures

Molybdneum toxicity

gout (uric acid accumulation)

• Vitamin = niacin (B3)

Selenium functions

glutathione peroxide

T4 → T3

Selenium sources

brazil nuts

seafood

Selenium deficiency

Keshan’s - cardiomyopathy

Kashin-beck - joint degeneration

Leukonychia (US) - whitening of nail beds

Selenium toxicity (selenosis) symptoms

brittle nails and hair

garlic breath

Fluoride functions

prevent dental caries (fluoroapatite)

• fluoroapatite is more acid resistant than hydroxyapatite!

bone (non-essential though)

Fluoride sources

water

tooth-paste

tea (black>green>white)

Flouride deficiency occurs in what population

drink well or bottled water

Fluoride deficiency symptoms

dental carries

Flouride toxicity occurs in what populations

kids

supplement users

Fluoride toxicity symptoms

bone pitting

teeth mottling (discoloring)