Who helped advance fingerprint, firearms, and hair analysis?
Victor Balthazard
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Who was credited with developing a probablility model that showed fingerprints are unique (10^60 chance of 2 people having same patterns)?
Victor Balthazard
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Who developed an advanced photographic method of comparing markings on bullets?
Victor Balthazard
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What is the identification of suspects using 11 body measurements?
Anthropometry/bertillonage
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Who created anthropometry?
Alphonse Bertillon
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When was anthropometry popular?
1883-1900s
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Who was the first forensic scientist that used fingerprints to solve a case?
Alphonse Bertillon
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Who was the cousin of Charles Darwin?
Sir Francis Galton
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Who developed the first classification for fingerprints?
Sir Francis Galton
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What is used to describe one of the features found in fingerprints in the US?
Galton Ridge
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Who is credited with establishing examination of firearms evidence in US?
Galvin Goddard
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Who coined the term of "criminalistics"?
Hans Gross
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What does criminalistics refer to?
The forensic analysis of physical evidence
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Who wrote Kriminologie?
Hans Gross
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What is Locard's exchange principle?
Every contact leaves a trace
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Who created Locard's exchange principle?
Edmond Locard
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Who is the founder of forensic toxicology?
Mathieu Orfila
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Who spent a good deal of their time studying poison?
Mathieu Orfila
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What poison did Mathieu Orfila spend the most time studying?
Arsenic
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What is the adversarial system?
Two positions arguing for acceptance
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What is a judge and jury also called?
Finder of fact/trier of truth
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What is the scientific method?
Data based and founded on concepts taken collectively through a series of steps
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What is the first step of the scientific method?
Formulate hypothesis
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What is the second step of the scientific method?
Test hypothesis using observation or experimentation
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What is the third step of the scientific method?
Based on results, revise hypothesis and repeat previous steps
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What is the fourth step of the scientific method?
Continue until the data is in agreement with hypothesis
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What is the first thing a forensic scientist should do?
Distinguish evidence from coincidence
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What is the second thing a forensic scientist should do?
Rank alternative results based on the basic principles in applied sciences
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What is the third thing a forensic scientist should do?
Allow for certainty and probabilistic considerations wherever appropriate through this ranking
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What is the fourth thing a forensic scientist should do?
Disallow hypotheses more extraordinary than facts
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What is the fifth thing a forensic scientist should do?
Pursue specific details
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What is the sixth thing a forensic scientist should do?
Pursue testing by addressing smallest logical component of the hypothesis one at a time
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What are the opinions of Charles Sander Pierce?
Contrite Fallibilism
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What is contrite fallibilism?
The awareness of how much we do not know and the humility to acknowledge the possibility of making mistakes
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Who normally works as private consultants?
Forensic anthropologists/engineers
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What are public laboratories?
Laboratories funded by governments
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What are private laboratories?
Businesses designed to make a profit
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What do most private laboratories specialize in?
DNA and forensic toxicology
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What is the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner tasked with?
Death investigations and houses laboratories associated with performing autopsies
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What will the office of the Chief Medical Examiner also have?
Toxicology laboratories to analyze postmortem samples
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What do full-service laboratories cover?
DNA, drug analysis, firearms and toolmarks, trace evidence, fingerprints
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What is an example of a full-service laboratory?
FBI Laboratory in Quantico, Virginia
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What is a small branch laboratory?
Laboratory that focuses on one type of evidence
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What are the jobs of a forensic scientist that is also a police officer?
Respond to crime scenes, process and collect evidence, deliver evidence for further testing
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What is accreditation?
A laboratory that agrees to work according to professional standards and proves that it can and does operate this way
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What does accreditation also require?
Re-accreditation on a set schedule
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What is certification?
A forensic scientist that has completed a written test covering their discipline
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What board covers the most diverse set of forensic disciplines?
American Board of Criminalistics
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How does certification begin?
Passing a multiple-choice test
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What can you do after certification?
To be further certified in a specialty area
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What does this level of certification require?
A successful completion of yearly proficiency tests
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Mathieu Orfila
(1787-1853) Founder of forensic toxicology, studied poisons and worked on the Marie Lafarge poisoning case
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Sir Francis Galton
(1822-1911) Developed the first classification system for fingerprints, published the book Fingerprints in 1892 and described the loop, arch and whorl of fingerprint patterns
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Hans Gross
(1847-1915) Generalist who believed in diverse approaches to forensic science and published the first forensic science textbook, Criminal Investigations, in 1893.
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Victor Bathazard
(1852-1950) Paris Medical Examiner who advanced fingerprint, firearm and hair analysis, showed that fingerprint are unique to the 10^60 and used photography to help identify bullets
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Alphonse Bertillion
(1853-1914) Developed anthropometry and was the first to solve a case using fingerprints
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Edmond Locard
(1877-1966) Established a forensic lab in Lyons France in 1910, founded the Locard Exchange Principle and focused on trace evidence
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Calvin Goddard
(1891-1955) Established the study of firearms evidence in the US, established a variety of police labs in the US and invented the comparison scope.
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Anthropometry
System of identification of suspects involving 11 body measurements + descriptions + photos
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Criminalistics
Describes forensic analysis of physical evidence
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Locard Exchange Principle
Every Contact Leaves a Trace
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Juan Vucitech
(1891) Who began the first fingerprint files
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The Henry Classification System
Classification for fingerprinting in all European Countries
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1 in 64 billion
Sir Francis Galton's odds for two fingerprints being the same
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The scientific method
System in which forensic scientists work
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The adversarial system
System in which lawyers work
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Finder of fact
Judge or jury who determines "right" in a case
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Civil Cases
Occur between individuals and must show a preponderance of evidence (51%)
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Criminal Cases
Occur when laws have been broken, the government in the prosecutor and and guilt but be shown beyond a reasonable doubt (99%)
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Felony
Serious criminal case, possibility of greater than 1 year in prison
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Misdemeanor
Minor criminal case, possible of a fine or less than 1 year in prison
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Voir Dire
Qualifications of a scientists given in a court of law
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Subpoena
A statement requiring someone to appear in court and stating the when and where the trial will be held
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Gilbert Thomas
(1882) Who used fingerprints officially in the US for the first time
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Dr. Henry Faulds
(1880) First to come up with a classification system based on fingerprints
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1892
When was the first fingerprint identification made
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1901
When was the idea of fingerprinting introduced to England/Wales
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Karl Landsteiner
Discovered ABO blood typing and received the Nobel Prize in medicine for this work in1930.
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Alec Jeffreys
Geneticist who developed DNA testing
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Colin Pitchfork
First criminal convicted by DNA evidence
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William Hershel (1856)
The first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification
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Forensic Nurse
Trained to treat trauma patients (assaulted), take blood and tissue samples, collect evidence, photograph and measure wounds
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Rules of Evidence
Exclusionary rules that filter out irrelevent/prejudiced information
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Frye Standard
New methods must be generally accepted by scientists
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Federal Rules of Evidence
Allows expert witnesses to explain techniques in court
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Daubert Trilogy
Judge becomes gatekeeper to determine the admissibility of evidence while following a court framework
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Direct Evidence
Evidence that establishes something without further work (eyewitness testimony)
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Circumstantial Evidence
Evidence that requires reasonable inferences to be drawn (DNA found at a crime scene)
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Class characteristic evidence
Evidence that doesn't indicate a specific individual (shell casings, sneaker prints)
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Individual characteristic evidence
Evidence that does indicate a specific individual (fingerprints, DNA)
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Associative Evidence
Things found at the crime scene that can be matched to an exemplar (standard)
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Biological Evidence
Human (or other) tissues used to identify a person or animal. Includes DNA testing.
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Chemical Evidence
Includes drugs, explosive, toxicology ect...
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Trace Evidence
Random stuff left at a crime scene and taken from a crime scene due to Locard's Exchange Principle
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Fingerprint Evidence
Fingerprints and their identification and developments
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Impression Evidence
Impressions on the ground caused by footwear, tires, ect...
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Firearm and Tool Mark Evidence
Fired bullets, casings, Gun Powder Residue, impressions left by tools ect...
Studied by 702 people
