HOSA Forensic Science Test

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Who helped advance fingerprint, firearms, and hair analysis?

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1

Who helped advance fingerprint, firearms, and hair analysis?

Victor Balthazard

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2

Who was credited with developing a probablility model that showed fingerprints are unique (10^60 chance of 2 people having same patterns)?

Victor Balthazard

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3

Who developed an advanced photographic method of comparing markings on bullets?

Victor Balthazard

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4

What is the identification of suspects using 11 body measurements?

Anthropometry/bertillonage

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5

Who created anthropometry?

Alphonse Bertillon

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6

When was anthropometry popular?

1883-1900s

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7

Who was the first forensic scientist that used fingerprints to solve a case?

Alphonse Bertillon

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8

Who was the cousin of Charles Darwin?

Sir Francis Galton

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9

Who developed the first classification for fingerprints?

Sir Francis Galton

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10

What is used to describe one of the features found in fingerprints in the US?

Galton Ridge

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11

Who is credited with establishing examination of firearms evidence in US?

Galvin Goddard

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12

Who coined the term of "criminalistics"?

Hans Gross

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13

What does criminalistics refer to?

The forensic analysis of physical evidence

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14

Who wrote Kriminologie?

Hans Gross

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15

What is Locard's exchange principle?

Every contact leaves a trace

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16

Who created Locard's exchange principle?

Edmond Locard

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17

Who is the founder of forensic toxicology?

Mathieu Orfila

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18

Who spent a good deal of their time studying poison?

Mathieu Orfila

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19

What poison did Mathieu Orfila spend the most time studying?

Arsenic

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20

What is the adversarial system?

Two positions arguing for acceptance

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21

What is a judge and jury also called?

Finder of fact/trier of truth

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22

What is the scientific method?

Data based and founded on concepts taken collectively through a series of steps

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23

What is the first step of the scientific method?

Formulate hypothesis

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24

What is the second step of the scientific method?

Test hypothesis using observation or experimentation

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25

What is the third step of the scientific method?

Based on results, revise hypothesis and repeat previous steps

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26

What is the fourth step of the scientific method?

Continue until the data is in agreement with hypothesis

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27

What is the first thing a forensic scientist should do?

Distinguish evidence from coincidence

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28

What is the second thing a forensic scientist should do?

Rank alternative results based on the basic principles in applied sciences

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29

What is the third thing a forensic scientist should do?

Allow for certainty and probabilistic considerations wherever appropriate through this ranking

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30

What is the fourth thing a forensic scientist should do?

Disallow hypotheses more extraordinary than facts

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31

What is the fifth thing a forensic scientist should do?

Pursue specific details

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32

What is the sixth thing a forensic scientist should do?

Pursue testing by addressing smallest logical component of the hypothesis one at a time

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33

What are the opinions of Charles Sander Pierce?

Contrite Fallibilism

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34

What is contrite fallibilism?

The awareness of how much we do not know and the humility to acknowledge the possibility of making mistakes

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35

Who normally works as private consultants?

Forensic anthropologists/engineers

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36

What are public laboratories?

Laboratories funded by governments

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37

What are private laboratories?

Businesses designed to make a profit

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38

What do most private laboratories specialize in?

DNA and forensic toxicology

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39

What is the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner tasked with?

Death investigations and houses laboratories associated with performing autopsies

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40

What will the office of the Chief Medical Examiner also have?

Toxicology laboratories to analyze postmortem samples

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41

What do full-service laboratories cover?

DNA, drug analysis, firearms and toolmarks, trace evidence, fingerprints

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42

What is an example of a full-service laboratory?

FBI Laboratory in Quantico, Virginia

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43

What is a small branch laboratory?

Laboratory that focuses on one type of evidence

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44

What are the jobs of a forensic scientist that is also a police officer?

Respond to crime scenes, process and collect evidence, deliver evidence for further testing

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45

What is accreditation?

A laboratory that agrees to work according to professional standards and proves that it can and does operate this way

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46

What does accreditation also require?

Re-accreditation on a set schedule

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47

What is certification?

A forensic scientist that has completed a written test covering their discipline

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48

What board covers the most diverse set of forensic disciplines?

American Board of Criminalistics

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49

How does certification begin?

Passing a multiple-choice test

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50

What can you do after certification?

To be further certified in a specialty area

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51

What does this level of certification require?

A successful completion of yearly proficiency tests

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52

Mathieu Orfila

(1787-1853) Founder of forensic toxicology, studied poisons and worked on the Marie Lafarge poisoning case

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53

Sir Francis Galton

(1822-1911) Developed the first classification system for fingerprints, published the book Fingerprints in 1892 and described the loop, arch and whorl of fingerprint patterns

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54

Hans Gross

(1847-1915) Generalist who believed in diverse approaches to forensic science and published the first forensic science textbook, Criminal Investigations, in 1893.

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55

Victor Bathazard

(1852-1950) Paris Medical Examiner who advanced fingerprint, firearm and hair analysis, showed that fingerprint are unique to the 10^60 and used photography to help identify bullets

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56

Alphonse Bertillion

(1853-1914) Developed anthropometry and was the first to solve a case using fingerprints

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57

Edmond Locard

(1877-1966) Established a forensic lab in Lyons France in 1910, founded the Locard Exchange Principle and focused on trace evidence

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58

Calvin Goddard

(1891-1955) Established the study of firearms evidence in the US, established a variety of police labs in the US and invented the comparison scope.

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59

Anthropometry

System of identification of suspects involving 11 body measurements + descriptions + photos

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60

Criminalistics

Describes forensic analysis of physical evidence

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61

Locard Exchange Principle

Every Contact Leaves a Trace

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62

Juan Vucitech

(1891) Who began the first fingerprint files

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63

The Henry Classification System

Classification for fingerprinting in all European Countries

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64

1 in 64 billion

Sir Francis Galton's odds for two fingerprints being the same

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65

The scientific method

System in which forensic scientists work

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66

The adversarial system

System in which lawyers work

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67

Finder of fact

Judge or jury who determines "right" in a case

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68

Civil Cases

Occur between individuals and must show a preponderance of evidence (51%)

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69

Criminal Cases

Occur when laws have been broken, the government in the prosecutor and and guilt but be shown beyond a reasonable doubt (99%)

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70

Felony

Serious criminal case, possibility of greater than 1 year in prison

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71

Misdemeanor

Minor criminal case, possible of a fine or less than 1 year in prison

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72

Voir Dire

Qualifications of a scientists given in a court of law

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73

Subpoena

A statement requiring someone to appear in court and stating the when and where the trial will be held

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74

Gilbert Thomas

(1882) Who used fingerprints officially in the US for the first time

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75

Dr. Henry Faulds

(1880) First to come up with a classification system based on fingerprints

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76

1892

When was the first fingerprint identification made

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77

1901

When was the idea of fingerprinting introduced to England/Wales

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78

Karl Landsteiner

Discovered ABO blood typing and received the Nobel Prize in medicine for this work in1930.

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79

Alec Jeffreys

Geneticist who developed DNA testing

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80

Colin Pitchfork

First criminal convicted by DNA evidence

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81

William Hershel (1856)

The first to use fingerprinting as a method of identification

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82

Forensic Nurse

Trained to treat trauma patients (assaulted), take blood and tissue samples, collect evidence, photograph and measure wounds

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83

Rules of Evidence

Exclusionary rules that filter out irrelevent/prejudiced information

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84

Frye Standard

New methods must be generally accepted by scientists

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85

Federal Rules of Evidence

Allows expert witnesses to explain techniques in court

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86

Daubert Trilogy

Judge becomes gatekeeper to determine the admissibility of evidence while following a court framework

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87

Direct Evidence

Evidence that establishes something without further work (eyewitness testimony)

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88

Circumstantial Evidence

Evidence that requires reasonable inferences to be drawn (DNA found at a crime scene)

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89

Class characteristic evidence

Evidence that doesn't indicate a specific individual (shell casings, sneaker prints)

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90

Individual characteristic evidence

Evidence that does indicate a specific individual (fingerprints, DNA)

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91

Associative Evidence

Things found at the crime scene that can be matched to an exemplar (standard)

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92

Biological Evidence

Human (or other) tissues used to identify a person or animal. Includes DNA testing.

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93

Chemical Evidence

Includes drugs, explosive, toxicology ect...

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94

Trace Evidence

Random stuff left at a crime scene and taken from a crime scene due to Locard's Exchange Principle

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95

Fingerprint Evidence

Fingerprints and their identification and developments

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96

Impression Evidence

Impressions on the ground caused by footwear, tires, ect...

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97

Firearm and Tool Mark Evidence

Fired bullets, casings, Gun Powder Residue, impressions left by tools ect...

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98

Questioned Documents

Examining documents for forgery

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99

Primary Crime Scene

Site of first criminal activity in a case

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100

Secondary Crime Scene

Site of following criminal activity in a case

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