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Present & Past Perfect Irregular Verbs

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Irregular Present Perfect Verbs (past participles)

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AP World History Modern Study Guide (c. 1750–Present)

🇩🇪 A1 German — Complete Core Notes 1. Alphabets & Pronunciation 🔤 Alphabet (same letters as English + extras) • A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z • Special letters: • Ä ä → like “e” in bed • Ö ö → like “ir” in bird (rounded lips) • Ü ü → say “ee” but round lips • ß (Eszett) → “ss” ⸻ Pronunciation Rules (critical) • V = f sound → Vater = “Fater” • W = v sound → Wasser = “Vasser” • J = y sound → ja = “ya” • Z = ts sound → Zeit = “tsite” • CH: • soft → after e/i (ich) • hard → after a/o/u (Bach) ⚠️ If your pronunciation is wrong, comprehension collapses. Fix this early. ⸻ 2. Basic Sentence Structure 🧱 Rule: Verb is ALWAYS in position 2 Structure: • Subject + Verb + Object Example: • Ich esse Brot. (I eat bread) ⸻ Questions: • Verb + Subject + Object Example: • Isst du Brot? (Do you eat bread?) ⸻ With Time: • Time usually comes early Example: • Heute gehe ich zur Schule. ⸻ With “nicht” (not): • Comes near the end Example: • Ich gehe nicht. ⸻ 3. Essential Verbs & Conjugation ⚙️ Pattern (Present Tense): Pronoun End ich -e du -st er/sie/es -t wir -en ihr -t sie/Sie -en ⸻ Example: machen (to do) • ich mache • du machst • er macht • wir machen • ihr macht • sie machen ⸻ Key Verbs (memorize aggressively) • sein (to be) • haben (to have) • gehen (to go) • essen (to eat) • trinken (to drink) • machen (to do) • kommen (to come) • sehen (to see) ⸻ Irregular Example: sein • ich bin • du bist • er ist • wir sind • ihr seid • sie sind ⚠️ You must memorize irregulars — no shortcuts. ⸻ 4. Nouns, Articles & Cases 🧠 Genders: • der → masculine • die → feminine • das → neuter Example: • der Mann (man) • die Frau (woman) • das Kind (child) ⸻ Rule: ALWAYS learn nouns with articles Not “Haus” → learn das Haus ⸻ Plurals (no single rule 😐) • der Mann → die Männer • das Kind → die Kinder ⸻ Cases (A1 level) Nominative (subject) • der Mann ist hier. Accusative (direct object) Gender Change der → den die → die das → das Example: • Ich sehe den Mann ⸻ 5. Pronouns 👤 Personal Pronouns: German English ich I du you (informal) er he sie she es it wir we ihr you all sie they Sie you (formal) ⸻ Possessive Pronouns: • mein → my • dein → your • sein → his • ihr → her • unser → our Example: • Das ist mein Buch. ⸻ Reflexive (basic): • mich (myself) • dich (yourself) Example: • Ich wasche mich. ⸻ 6. Common Phrases & Questions 💬 Greetings: • Hallo – Hello • Guten Morgen – Good morning • Guten Tag – Good day • Guten Abend – Good evening ⸻ Basic Conversation: • Wie heißt du? → What’s your name? • Ich heiße… → My name is… • Wie geht’s? → How are you? • Mir geht’s gut → I’m fine ⸻ Useful Questions: • Wo? → Where? • Was? → What? • Wann? → When? • Warum? → Why? • Wie? → How? ⸻ Daily Sentences: • Ich verstehe nicht → I don’t understand • Können Sie das wiederholen? → Can you repeat that? • Wie viel kostet das? → How much is that? ⸻ ⚠️ Brutal Reality Check If you think reading this once is “learning,” you’re wrong. To actually reach A1: • Drill pronunciation daily (out loud) • Memorize articles with nouns • Conjugate verbs until automatic • Speak even when it feels uncomfortable ⸻ 🧠 Efficient Study Plan • Day 1–3: Alphabet + pronunciation • Day 4–7: Sentence structure + verbs • Week 2: Articles + accusative • Week 3: Pronouns + speaking drills ⸻ If you want, I can turn this into: • flashcards • a test • or a 7-day crash plan Pick one and we go deeper

Lecture 5 - Business Continuity & Incident Stress Debriefing