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Chapter 7- Covalent and Metallic Bonding

All carbon connects through simple single bonds, fully bonded with hydrogen (no additional hydrogen can bond). - **Geometry:** Tetrahedral around each carbon. - **Reactivity:** Low chemical reactivity. - **Examples:** - Methane (CH₄) - Ethane (C₂H₆) - Propane (C₃H₈) # BASIC IUPAC NAMING FOR ALKANES - **Naming Rule:** Prefix (for Carbon Count) + "ane" - 1C: Meth- → Methane - 2C: Eth- → Ethane - 3C: Prop- → Propane - 4C: But- → Butane - 5C: Pent- → Pentane - 6C: Hex- → Hexane - 7C: Hept- → Heptane - 8C: Oct- → Octane - 9C: Non- → Nonane - 10C: Dec- → Decane - **Simple Rule:** Count carbons and add the suffix. # WHY ALKANES MATTER IN HEALTH SCIENCES ## Key Property: - Alkanes are **non-polar** and **hydrophobic**. ## Examples of Biomedical Roles: 1. **LIPID BILAYER CORE** - Hydrophobic core of cell membranes creates a selective barrier. 2. **PROTECTIVE COATINGS** - Found in ear wax (cerumen) and skin surface lipids. - Although not reactive, they provide essential structure. # TRENDS IN HOMOLOGOUS SERIES - As molecular size increases: - Melting point increases. - Boiling point increases. - Viscosity increases. - Flammability decreases. - **Reasoning:** Larger molecules have stronger intermolecular forces (van der Waals). - **Example:** Transition from gaseous methane to liquid hexane to solid paraffin wax. # MODULE 2 SUMMARY ## Key Concepts: - Homologous series share formulas and properties. - Hydrocarbons contain only C and H. - Alkanes have only single bonds (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂). - “Saturated” means maximum hydrogen. - Alkanes are non-polar and have structural importance. - **IUPAC Naming:** Prefix +