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Complete Sentences Here, you’ll learn how to write in complete sentences, and identify the eight parts of speech. Key Takeaway: You’ll need to know how to write complete sentences for school and for written communication in the workplace to clearly state your writing's purpose. Writing in a Complete Sentence Learning to write in complete sentences is important to clearly state the purpose of your writing. You’ll need to know how to write complete sentences for school papers and for written communication in the workplace such as reports, memos, emails, or text messages. Complete sentences have three main components. The subject of a sentence, which is the word that tells who or what is doing the action The verb, which tells what the action is and is part of the sentence’s predicate The object, which tells who or what’s acted upon Here are some simple sentences broken down into subjects, verbs, and objects. Subject Verb Object Lois left work. Jason ate breakfast. Elena texted everyone. In each of these sentences, there’s one subject and one object. Sometimes, a sentence can have no object, and other times, it may have more than one subject and more than one object. Multiple subjects are called compound subjects. Multiple objects are called compound objects. Read the following examples. The compound subjects and objects are underlined. Terry and Robin ate in the break room. (Compound subject) Karen and Lucas like to work all night. (Compound subject) Caleb met Jules and Jorge at the conference. (Compound object) John Adams wrote letters and books. (Compound object) Compound subjects are important because they can change the way the verb is used. Read the following example: Andre and Heather like to sing all night. In this sentence, Andre and Heather together are the compound subject. The subject is plural, so the verb “like” is plural. If only Heather were the subject of the sentence, the verb would be singular, and the sentence would require the singular verb form likes. You’ll explore this topic later, but it’s good to pay attention to compound subjects for this reason. So far, all of the sentences you’ve read have had a subject (or subjects) and an object (or objects). However, a sentence can be complete without an object. Consider these sentences: Joshua talked. Katherine wept. These are complete sentences because they contain both a subject and a verb. You don’t know why Joshua talked, what he talked about, or to whom he talked. You don’t know why Katherine wept. However, you do know that both Joshua and Katherine performed an action, which is all you need for a complete sentence. In a sentence, a noun can serve as the subject or the object. Consider the following sentence: Armando likes Lucia. In this sentence, the verb is likes—and who does the liking? Armando. Therefore, Armando is the subject of the sentence. What does Armando do? He likes Lucia. That’s his action in the sentence. Finally, who does Armando like? He likes Lucia. Lucia is the object of his verb, liking. In other words, Lucia is the object of the sentence. Armando and Lucia are both nouns, but they each have a different function in the sentence. Armando is the subject, and Lucia is the object. Nouns can either be subjects or objects in a sentence. Different types of words perform different jobs in a sentence. These types are known as parts of speech. To make sure your writing follows standard grammar rules, you should be able to use the following parts of speech correctly. Here are the eight parts of speech: Nouns Pronouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections Quick Check Identify the object in this sentence: Tyra received the expense report from Angela. from received Angela report
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John Adams
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Key Terms and Events • Laissez-Faire – French for “Leave it alone,” a theory promoting minimal government intervention in the economy. • Impressment – Forcing individuals into public service, especially into the navy. • Embargo – A government order stopping trade with other countries. • Industry – The production of goods by businesses and factories. • Interchangeable Parts – Standardized parts that can be replaced in manufactured products. • Mass Production – A method of producing goods quickly and cheaply in large quantities. • Cotton Gin – A machine that separates cotton fibers from their seeds. • Eli Whitney – Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts. • Electoral College – A system in which electors choose the president and vice president. • Louisiana Purchase – Land deal under Thomas Jefferson in which the U.S. bought territory from France, doubling its size. • Tecumseh – Shawnee leader who allied with the British and fought against U.S. settlers in the west. • Sacagawea – A Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific Ocean. • Steam Engine – A machine powered by coal-heated steam, allowing factories to be built away from water sources. The Election of 1800 • John Adams, Aaron Burr, and Thomas Jefferson faced off. • Jefferson and Burr tied. • Alexander Hamilton convinced a congressman to break the tie in favor of Jefferson. • The 12th Amendment was created to prevent future electoral tie issues. Thomas Jefferson’s Presidency • Focused on: • Limiting government intervention (Laissez-Faire approach). • Promoting agriculture. • Encouraging self-sufficiency. • Introduced judicial review, strengthening the judicial branch with checks and balances. • Encouraged western expansion and trade along the Mississippi River. The Louisiana Purchase and Westward Exploration • With U.S. expansion, Congress organized an expedition. • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to explore the new territory. • Along the way, they met Sacagawea, who served as an interpreter and guide. Tensions with Britain and France • Both nations attempted to block U.S. trade. • The U.S. imposed an embargo on both, which backfired and hurt American merchants. • In 1808, James Madison was elected president. • The Star-Spangled Banner was written during this period and later became the national anthem. • Dolly Madison saved a famous portrait of George Washington during the War of 1812. Industrialization and Economic Shifts • As the U.S. expanded, industry grew, especially in the North. • Early factories were powered by watermills; later, steam, oil, and gas were used. • The textile industry became the dominant industry in the North. • Francis Lowell built a major textile factory in Boston. • Eli Whitney’s contributions: • Interchangeable parts – Allowed for standardized gun manufacturing. • Cotton gin – Sped up the cotton cleaning process. The South and the Rise of Cotton • Cotton became highly profitable, increasing demand for enslaved labor. • The cotton gin made cotton processing more efficient. • In 1808, the international slave trade was banned, but enslaved labor remained crucial to the Southern economy. Life of Enslaved Workers • Men worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, and painters. • Women worked as maids, cooks, and childcare workers. • Children served as household servants and field laborers. • Some enslaved individuals were rented out to work in factories. • Most had little to no education. • Forms of resistance included breaking tools and equipment. • Harsh punishments were given for defiance or escape attempts. • Many families were separated through slave auctions. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) • Nat Turner and his followers attacked and killed several Virginia plantation owners and their families. • Turner was captured two months later, tried, and executed. • The rebellion led to even harsher conditions for enslaved people in the South in
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John Adams
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History John Adams
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