Results for "Energy Storage"

1. Functions of Muscles: • Movement: Muscles contract to produce movement in the body, such as walking, running, or even facial expressions. • Posture and Stability: Muscles help maintain posture and stabilize joints, preventing falls or loss of balance. • Heat Production: Muscle contractions generate heat, which is vital for maintaining body temperature. • Protection of Internal Organs: Muscles, particularly in the abdominal region, protect internal organs from injury. • Circulation of Blood and Lymph: Cardiac and smooth muscles play roles in circulating blood and lymph throughout the body. 2. Characteristics of Muscles: • Excitability (Responsiveness): Muscles can respond to stimuli (like nerve signals). • Contractility: Muscles can contract or shorten when stimulated. • Extensibility: Muscles can be stretched without damage. • Elasticity: Muscles can return to their original shape after being stretched or contracted. 3. Locations of Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal Muscle: • Smooth Muscle: Found in walls of internal organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, blood vessels). • Cardiac Muscle: Found only in the heart. • Skeletal Muscle: Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements. 4. Events of Skeletal Muscle Contraction: 1. Nerve Impulse: A signal is sent from a motor neuron to the muscle. 2. Release of Acetylcholine: The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is released into the neuromuscular junction. 3. Muscle Fiber Activation: Acetylcholine stimulates muscle fibers, causing an action potential. 4. Calcium Release: The action potential triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. Cross-Bridge Formation: Calcium binds to troponin, moving tropomyosin, which allows myosin heads to attach to actin. 6. Power Stroke: Myosin heads pull actin filaments inward, causing the muscle to contract. 7. Relaxation: ATP breaks the cross-bridge, and the muscle relaxes when calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 5. Isometric vs. Isotonic Contractions: • Isometric Contraction: The muscle generates tension without changing its length (e.g., holding a weight in a fixed position). • Isotonic Contraction: The muscle changes length while generating tension (e.g., lifting a weight). 6. Primary Functions of the Skeletal System: • Support: Provides structural support for the body. • Protection: Shields vital organs (e.g., brain, heart, lungs). • Movement: Works with muscles to allow movement. • Mineral Storage: Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus. • Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces blood cells. • Energy Storage: Fat is stored in bone cavities. 7. Parts of a Long Bone: • Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone. • Epiphysis: The ends of the bone. • Metaphysis: Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis. • Medullary Cavity: Hollow cavity inside the diaphysis, containing bone marrow. • Periosteum: Outer membrane covering the bone. • Endosteum: Inner lining of the medullary cavity. 8. Inner and Outer Connective Tissue Linings of a Bone: • Outer: Periosteum. • Inner: Endosteum. 9. Structure of a Flat Bone: • Compact Bone: Dense bone found on the outside. • Spongy Bone: Lighter, less dense bone found inside, filled with red or yellow marrow. • No medullary cavity (unlike long bones). 10. Parts of the Osteon: • Central Canal (Haversian Canal): Contains blood vessels and nerves. • Lamellae: Concentric layers of bone matrix surrounding the central canal. • Lacunae: Small spaces containing osteocytes (bone cells). • Canaliculi: Small channels that connect lacunae and allow for nutrient exchange. 11. How Calcitonin, Calcitriol, and PTH Affect Blood Calcium: • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity (bone resorption). • Calcitriol: Increases blood calcium by promoting calcium absorption in the intestines and bone resorption. • PTH (Parathyroid Hormone): Raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium. 12. Two Forms of Ossification: • Intramembranous Ossification: Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue (e.g., flat bones of the skull). • Endochondral Ossification: Bone replaces a cartilage model (e.g., long bones). 13. Difference Between Appositional and Interstitial Growth: • Appositional Growth: Increase in bone diameter (growth at the surface). • Interstitial Growth: Increase in bone length (growth from within). 14. Different Joint Types: • Fibrous Joints: Connected by fibrous tissue (e.g., sutures of the skull). • Cartilaginous Joints: Connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs). • Synovial Joints: Have a fluid-filled joint cavity (e.g., knee, elbow). 15. Components of a Synovial Joint: • Articular Cartilage: Covers the ends of bones. • Synovial Membrane: Lines the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid. • Joint Capsule: Surrounds the joint, providing stability. • Ligaments: Connect bones to other bones. • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates the joint. 16. Hinge Joint Location: • Found in the elbow and knee. 17. Pivot Joint Location: • Found between the first and second cervical vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint). 18. Difference Between a Tendon and a Ligament: • Tendon: Connects muscle to bone. • Ligament: Connects bone to bone. 19. What is a Bursa? • A fluid-filled sac that reduces friction and cushions pressure points between the skin and bones or muscles and bones. 20. Three Types of Arthritis: • Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone, often due to wear and tear. • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disease causing inflammation in joints. • Gout: Caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints. 21. Strain vs. Sprain: • A strain is damage to a muscle or tendon, whereas a sprain is damage to a ligament

Session 4: Energy Storage - Carbohydrates & Lipids

Energy storage

Chapter 3 - Tissues 1. Introduction Main tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption, connection, movement, information processing Tissue membranes: Epithelial membranes: Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous Connective tissue membranes: Synovial membranes (joints) 2. Types of Tissues Four categories: Epithelial: Covers surfaces, lines cavities Connective: Supports, connects, transports Muscle: Enables movement Nervous: Sends and receives signals Embryonic origin: Derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 3. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics: Closely packed cells, avascular, polarity (apical/basal surfaces), rapid regeneration Cell Junctions: Tight junctions: Barrier function (e.g., intestines) Anchoring junctions: Stability (e.g., skin) Gap junctions: Communication (e.g., heart) Types: Simple (one layer) vs Stratified (multiple layers) Shapes: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall) Specialized types: Pseudostratified: Appears layered but isn’t Transitional: Stretchable (e.g., bladder) Glands: Endocrine (ductless, secretes hormones into bloodstream) Exocrine (ducts, secretes onto surfaces) Modes of secretion: Merocrine: Exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands) Apocrine: Pinched off portion of cell (e.g., mammary glands) Holocrine: Entire cell disintegrates (e.g., sebaceous glands) 4. Connective Tissue Structure: Cells dispersed in extracellular matrix (ground substance + protein fibers) Fiber types: Collagen (strong, flexible) Elastic (stretchy) Reticular (supportive framework) Categories: Proper: Loose (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular) Dense (Regular, Irregular, Elastic) Supportive: Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) Bone (osteocytes in lacunae, vascularized) Fluid: Blood (RBCs, WBCs, plasma) Lymph (immune function) Functions: Structural support, transport, immune defense, energy storage 5. Muscle Tissue Properties: Excitable, contractile Types: Skeletal: Striated, voluntary, attached to bones Cardiac: Striated, involuntary, heart muscle (intercalated discs) Smooth: Non-striated, involuntary (digestive, respiratory, reproductive systems) 6. Nervous Tissue Function: Conducts electrical impulses, processes information Cell types: Neurons: Transmit signals (axon, dendrites) Neuroglia: Support, protect, nourish neurons 7

Conservation of Energy and Energy Storage Methods

Chem 1050 Ch. 7 Energy Storage quiz

Energy Storage and Photosynthesis Process

Biochemistry Energy Storage

Physics - Energy Storage Modes

Unit 5.2: Lipids (Energy-Storage Lipids)

Energy-Storage Lipids

2.A LIPIDS AND RELATE SYSTEM ( ENERGY-STORAGE LIPIDS: TRIACYLGLYCEROLS)

1. Adaptation Of An Animal 2. Adaptation Of A Plant 3. Abscisic Acid 4. Actin 5. Amniotic Egg 6. Amylase 7. Angiosperm 8. Animal That Has A Segmented Body 9. Annelid 10. Anther & Filament Of Stamen 11. Arthropod 12. Archaebacteria 13. Autotroph 14. Auxin Producing Area Of A Plant 15. Basidiomycete 16. Batesian Mimicry 17. Biological Magnification 18. Bryophyte 19. C 4 Plant 20. Calvin Cycle 21. Carbohydrate – Fibrous 22. Cambium 23. Cellulose 24. Chitin 25. Chlorophyta 26. Cnidarian 27. Coelomate 28. Conifer Leaf 29. Commensalism 30. Connective Tissue 31. Cuticle Layer Of A Plant 32. Deciduous Leaf 33. Deuterostome 34. Dicot Plant With Flower & Leaf 35. Diploid Chromosome Number 36. Echinoderm 37. Ectotherm 38. Endosperm 39. Endotherm 40. Enzyme 41. Epithelial Tissue 42. Ethylene 43. Eubacteria 44. Eukaryote 45. Exoskeleton 46. Fermentation 47. Flower Ovary 48. Frond 49. Fruit – Dry With Seed 50. Fruit – Fleshy With Seed 51. Gametophyte 52. Gastropod 53. Genetically Modified Organism 54. Gibberellins 55. Glycogen 56. Gymnosperm Cone 57. Haploid Chromosome Number 58. Heartwood 59. Hermaphrodite 60. Insect 61. K-Strategist 62. Keratin 63. Leaf – Gymnosperm 64. Lepidoptera 65. Lichen 66. Lignin 67. Lipid Used For Energy Storage 68. Littoral Zone Organism 69. Long-Day Plant 70. Meristem 71. Modified Leaf Of A Plant 72. Modified Root Of A Plant 73. Modified Stem Of A Plant 74. Monocot Plant With Flower & Leaf 75. Muscle Fiber – Striated 76. Mutualism 77. Mycelium 78. Mycorrhizae 79. Myosin 80. Nematode 81. Niche 82. Nymph Stage Of An Insect 83. Parasite 84. Parenchyma Cells 85. Phloem 86. Pine Cone – Female 87. Platyhelminthes 88. Pollen 89. Pollinator 90. Porifera 91. Prokaryote 92. Protein – Fibrous 93. Protein – Globular 94. Protostome 95. Pteridophyte 96. R-Strategist 97. Radial Symmetry 98. Rhizome 99. Scale From Animal With Two-Chambered Heart 100. Spore 101. Sporophyte 102. Stem – Herbaceous 103. Stem – Woody 104. Stigma & Style Of Carpel 105. Tendril Of A Plant 106. Thorn Of A Plant 107. Unicellular Organism 108. Vascular Plant Tissue 109. Xerophyte 110. Xylem (copy)

1. Adaptation Of An Animal 2. Adaptation Of A Plant 3. Abscisic Acid 4. Actin 5. Amniotic Egg 6. Amylase 7. Angiosperm 8. Animal That Has A Segmented Body 9. Annelid 10. Anther & Filament Of Stamen 11. Arthropod 12. Archaebacteria 13. Autotroph 14. Auxin Producing Area Of A Plant 15. Basidiomycete 16. Batesian Mimicry 17. Biological Magnification 18. Bryophyte 19. C 4 Plant 20. Calvin Cycle 21. Carbohydrate – Fibrous 22. Cambium 23. Cellulose 24. Chitin 25. Chlorophyta 26. Cnidarian 27. Coelomate 28. Conifer Leaf 29. Commensalism 30. Connective Tissue 31. Cuticle Layer Of A Plant 32. Deciduous Leaf 33. Deuterostome 34. Dicot Plant With Flower & Leaf 35. Diploid Chromosome Number 36. Echinoderm 37. Ectotherm 38. Endosperm 39. Endotherm 40. Enzyme 41. Epithelial Tissue 42. Ethylene 43. Eubacteria 44. Eukaryote 45. Exoskeleton 46. Fermentation 47. Flower Ovary 48. Frond 49. Fruit – Dry With Seed 50. Fruit – Fleshy With Seed 51. Gametophyte 52. Gastropod 53. Genetically Modified Organism 54. Gibberellins 55. Glycogen 56. Gymnosperm Cone 57. Haploid Chromosome Number 58. Heartwood 59. Hermaphrodite 60. Insect 61. K-Strategist 62. Keratin 63. Leaf – Gymnosperm 64. Lepidoptera 65. Lichen 66. Lignin 67. Lipid Used For Energy Storage 68. Littoral Zone Organism 69. Long-Day Plant 70. Meristem 71. Modified Leaf Of A Plant 72. Modified Root Of A Plant 73. Modified Stem Of A Plant 74. Monocot Plant With Flower & Leaf 75. Muscle Fiber – Striated 76. Mutualism 77. Mycelium 78. Mycorrhizae 79. Myosin 80. Nematode 81. Niche 82. Nymph Stage Of An Insect 83. Parasite 84. Parenchyma Cells 85. Phloem 86. Pine Cone – Female 87. Platyhelminthes 88. Pollen 89. Pollinator 90. Porifera 91. Prokaryote 92. Protein – Fibrous 93. Protein – Globular 94. Protostome 95. Pteridophyte 96. R-Strategist 97. Radial Symmetry 98. Rhizome 99. Scale From Animal With Two-Chambered Heart 100. Spore 101. Sporophyte 102. Stem – Herbaceous 103. Stem – Woody 104. Stigma & Style Of Carpel 105. Tendril Of A Plant 106. Thorn Of A Plant 107. Unicellular Organism 108. Vascular Plant Tissue 109. Xerophyte 110. Xylem

Metabolism + energy storage

Energy Storage

Energy storage system 02

Energy Storage System

Triglycerides in adipose tissues for energy storage and thermal insulation

Energy storage