Chapter 3 - Tissues 1. Introduction Main tissue types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption, connection, movement, information processing Tissue membranes: Epithelial membranes: Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous Connective tissue membranes: Synovial membranes (joints) 2. Types of Tissues Four categories: Epithelial: Covers surfaces, lines cavities Connective: Supports, connects, transports Muscle: Enables movement Nervous: Sends and receives signals Embryonic origin: Derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm 3. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics: Closely packed cells, avascular, polarity (apical/basal surfaces), rapid regeneration Cell Junctions: Tight junctions: Barrier function (e.g., intestines) Anchoring junctions: Stability (e.g., skin) Gap junctions: Communication (e.g., heart) Types: Simple (one layer) vs Stratified (multiple layers) Shapes: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall) Specialized types: Pseudostratified: Appears layered but isn’t Transitional: Stretchable (e.g., bladder) Glands: Endocrine (ductless, secretes hormones into bloodstream) Exocrine (ducts, secretes onto surfaces) Modes of secretion: Merocrine: Exocytosis (e.g., sweat glands) Apocrine: Pinched off portion of cell (e.g., mammary glands) Holocrine: Entire cell disintegrates (e.g., sebaceous glands) 4. Connective Tissue Structure: Cells dispersed in extracellular matrix (ground substance + protein fibers) Fiber types: Collagen (strong, flexible) Elastic (stretchy) Reticular (supportive framework) Categories: Proper: Loose (Areolar, Adipose, Reticular) Dense (Regular, Irregular, Elastic) Supportive: Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage) Bone (osteocytes in lacunae, vascularized) Fluid: Blood (RBCs, WBCs, plasma) Lymph (immune function) Functions: Structural support, transport, immune defense, energy storage 5. Muscle Tissue Properties: Excitable, contractile Types: Skeletal: Striated, voluntary, attached to bones Cardiac: Striated, involuntary, heart muscle (intercalated discs) Smooth: Non-striated, involuntary (digestive, respiratory, reproductive systems) 6. Nervous Tissue Function: Conducts electrical impulses, processes information Cell types: Neurons: Transmit signals (axon, dendrites) Neuroglia: Support, protect, nourish neurons 7

What was the Silk Road?

A vast network of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty of China.

When was the Silk Road established?

During the Han Dynasty of China.

What key regions did the Silk Road connect?

The East and the West.

Why is the Silk Road named so?

Named after the valuable commodity of silk.

What goods were commonly traded along the Silk Road?

Spices, tea, porcelain, and precious metals.

How did the Silk Road impact cultural exchange?

It facilitated cultural exchange between different regions.

What was one economic impact of the Silk Road?

It influenced trade dynamics between regions.

What role did the Silk Road play in international trade?

It played a crucial role in the development of international trade.

How did the Silk Road affect cultural interactions?

It allowed for increased cultural interactions among trading regions.

What is a significant commodity traded on the Silk Road besides silk?

Spices.

What was a luxury item often traded on the Silk Road?

Porcelain.

Name a beverage that was traded along the Silk Road.

Tea.

Which precious materials were traded on the Silk Road?

Precious metals.

What does the Silk Road symbolize in terms of trade?

It symbolizes the connection and exchange between different cultures and economies.

How did the Silk Road influence the development of civilizations?

By promoting trade and cultural exchange, leading to the growth of societies.

Why is the Silk Road significant in history?

It facilitated not just trade, but the sharing of ideas, technology, and culture.

What modern-day concept can the Silk Road's function be compared to?

Globalization and international trade networks.

What was one of the major features of the goods traded on the Silk Road?

The high value and demand for items like silk and spices.

Who benefitted from the trade along the Silk Road?

Multiple civilizations and cultures from both East and West.

Summarize the overall importance of the Silk Road.

It was crucial for the development of international trade and cultural interactions.