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Étape 1 : détermination du revenu net imposable (art. 13,2 CGI)   1)     Déterminer le montant des revenus nets catégoriels (ex : revenu brut catégoriel – dépenses liées à l’acquisition ou à la conservation du revenu catégoriel (abattement forfaitaire ou déduction des frais réels catégoriels) 2)     Faire la somme des revenus nets catégoriels et prendre en compte, le cas échéant, les déficits susceptibles d’être imputés sur le revenu global = revenu brut global (RBG). 3)     Retrancher du revenu brut global certaines charges spécifiques énumérées par la loi = revenu net global (RNG) 4)     Retrancher du revenu net global les abattements spéciaux susceptibles d’être pratiqués sur le montant du revenu net global = revenu net imposable 5)     Déterminer le nombre de parts du foyer fiscal (quotient familial).   Étape 2 : détermination de l’impôt net   6)     Calculer le revenu net imposable (R) / nombre de parts (N) → revenu net imposable pour 1 part fiscale 7)     Art.197 I. CGI → déterminer le montant de l’impôt brut du foyer pour une part à l’aide du barème progressif (revenu net imposable pour 1 part fiscale soumis au barème progressif qui donne un impôt). 8)     Calculer : Impôt pour une part x nombre de parts du foyer fiscal (N = quotient familial). 9)     Appliquer le cas échéant diverses corrections sur le montant de l’impôt brut pour obtenir le montant de l’impôt net dans l’ordre suivant. a)     Plafonnement des effets du quotient familial (art.197, I. 2. CGI) : 1807€ par demi-part supplémentaire au-delà du célibataire ou couple. b)     Décote : si IR personne seule < 1982€ → décote = 897€ - 45,25% IR / si IR personne en couple < 3277€ → décote = 1483€ - 45,25% IR. c)     Réductions d’impôt (199 quater B à 200) (don : art.200 CGI → réduction de 66% du montant des sommes versées dans la limite de 20% du revenu imposable) d)     Crédits d’impôt (garde de jeunes enfants : art.200 quater B CGI) e)     Plafonnement global des niches fiscales (limite de 10 000€ pour les avantages fiscaux - même mécanisme que l’étape a)). f)      = Impôt net

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Visual Literature Test - Certain artists

Les prépositions après certains verbes

Chapter 1 Vocabulary Investment Any asset you put money into with the expectation that it will generate income or increase in value. ⸻ Portfolio A collection of different investments owned by an investor. ⸻ Return The reward earned from an investment through income and/or an increase in value. ⸻ Income Money earned from an investment, such as interest, dividends, or rent. ⸻ Capital Gain The increase in the value of an investment when it is sold for more than its purchase price. ⸻ Security A financial investment issued by a business, government, or organization that represents a financial claim. ⸻ Property A real asset that is generally less liquid than a security. ⸻ Real Property Land, buildings, and anything permanently attached to the land. ⸻ Tangible Personal Property Physical assets such as gold, artwork, antiques, jewelry, and collectibles. ⸻ Liquidity The ability to quickly buy or sell an investment without losing much of its value. ⸻ Direct Investment An investment in which the investor directly owns the asset. Example: Buying shares of stock yourself. ⸻ Indirect Investment An investment in which ownership is obtained through a professional investment manager. Example: Investing in a mutual fund. ⸻ Debt Security An investment in which the investor lends money and receives interest plus repayment of the loan. Example: Bonds. ⸻ Bond A debt security that pays interest and returns the principal at maturity. ⸻ Equity Security An investment that represents ownership in a business. Example: Common stock. ⸻ Common Stock A security that represents ownership in a corporation and may provide dividends and capital gains. ⸻ Preferred Stock A type of stock that pays fixed dividends but usually has no voting rights. ⸻ Derivative Security A financial security whose value comes from another underlying asset. ⸻ Option A derivative that gives the holder the right to buy or sell an asset at a specific price before a certain date. ⸻ Futures Contract A legally binding agreement to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date. ⸻ Risk The uncertainty about the return an investment will earn. ⸻ Low-Risk Investment An investment with more predictable returns but generally lower average returns. ⸻ High-Risk Investment An investment with less predictable returns but higher potential returns. ⸻ Diversification Owning different types of investments to reduce overall investment risk. ⸻ Short-Term Investment An investment with a maturity of one year or less. ⸻ Long-Term Investment An investment with a maturity of more than one year. ⸻ Domestic Investment An investment issued by companies or governments within your own country. ⸻ Foreign Investment An investment issued by companies or governments outside your own country. ⸻ Financial Institution An organization that pools money from investors and makes loans or investments. Examples: * Banks * Insurance companies * Mutual funds ⸻ Financial Market A marketplace where buyers and sellers trade financial assets. Examples: * Stock market * Bond market ⸻ Individual Investor A person who manages and invests their own money. ⸻ Institutional Investor A professional organization that invests money on behalf of others. Examples: * Banks * Mutual funds * Pension funds * Hedge funds ⸻ Short-Term Investments Investments that mature in one year or less and have low risk. ⸻ Treasury Bill (T-Bill) A short-term U.S. government security sold at a discount and considered virtually risk-free. ⸻ Fixed-Income Security An investment that provides regular interest or dividend payments. Examples: * Bonds * Preferred stock ⸻ Mutual Fund A professionally managed investment that pools money from many investors to buy a diversified portfolio. ⸻ Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) A diversified investment fund that trades on a stock exchange like a stock. ⸻ Hedge Fund A privately managed investment fund with higher minimum investments and greater risk than mutual funds. ⸻ Real Estate Land and buildings purchased as investments to earn rental income or increase in value. ⸻ Tangibles Physical investment assets other than real estate. Examples: * Gold * Silver * Artwork * Collectibles ⸻ Investment Horizon The length of time an investor expects to keep an investment before selling it. ⸻ Dividend A payment made by a corporation to its shareholders from company profits. ⸻ Capital Appreciation An increase in the value of an investment over time.

professional issues and cerumen management

symbols for certain things

Formation - certainity

Qualified Fee Estate Another type of freehold estate is the qualified fee estate, also known as a fee simple defeasible estate. "Defeasible" is a term used to indicate that something is capable of being annulled or made void. Therefore, any estate that is conveyed by a grantor with a condition attached to it is considered a qualified fee estate. Two points to remember about qualified fee estates: There are two kinds of qualified fee estates: fee simple determinable and fee on condition. Their qualification as one or the other is determined by the language around the condition attached to the property. The condition placed on the estate creates an encumbrance that "runs with the land," meaning it is against the land (use) and NOT the owner of the land. It is also possible to construct a deed with conditional language where the grantor retains their title until certain conditions are met. For example, if Karen has her heart set on grandchildren, she could set it up where title to the family home conveys to her daughter, Sue, upon the birth of a grandchild. Talk about pressure, Jalissa ! Fee Simple Determinable A fee simple determinable estate is one of the two types of defeasible fee estates. This particular defeasible estate will come to an end automatically and immediately upon the occurrence of a designated event; the time of that occurrence, however, is uncertain. No legal action is required of the grantor in order to assume recovery of this kind of estate. Pro Tip: An easy way to remember this key term is focusing on the word "determinable." It’s determined that x person will regain the property if y thing happens. EXAMPLE A grant of land from an owner to her church “so long as the land is used only for religious purposes” is a fee simple determinable estate. If the church decides to use the land for a non-religious purpose, the title will revert automatically to the previous owner (or the heirs or successors)

1. Cell Transport Brownian Movement Definition: Random movement of particles caused by their inherent kinetic energy. Occurs above freezing temperatures. Passive process (requires no energy/ATP). Responsible for constant molecular motion. Diffusion Definition: Movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Passive transport Moves down the concentration gradient No energy required Facilitated Diffusion Definition: Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane using membrane proteins. Passive transport High → Low concentration Only certain substances can pass Filtration Definition: Movement of water and dissolved substances through a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure. Driven by pressure differences Dialysis Definition: Separation of small molecules from larger molecules. Used in dialysis machines Not a normal transport process in the body 2. Active Transport Active Transport Definition: Transport requiring cellular energy (ATP). Endocytosis ("Into the Cell") Phagocytosis Cell Eating Engulfs solid particles Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria Pinocytosis Cell Drinking Engulfs fluids Exocytosis Definition: Movement of substances out of the cell. 3. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Covers body surfaces Lines organs and cavities Cells are tightly packed High mitotic rate Connected to connective tissue by a basement membrane Classification by Shape Shape Name Flat Squamous Cube-shaped Cuboidal Tall/elongated Columnar Classification by Layers Layers Name One layer Simple Two or more layers Stratified Example: Simple Columnar Epithelium = One layer of elongated cells 4. Connective Tissue Components Connective tissue contains: Cells Fibers Ground substance Fibers + Ground Substance = Matrix Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Tissue Supports organs Widely spaced fibers Adipose Tissue Fat tissue Insulation Energy storage Reticular Tissue Found in lymph nodes and spleen Acts as a filtering framework Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular Fibers run in one direction Found in: Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses Dense Irregular Fibers run in multiple directions Found in: Dermis of skin Elastic Connective Tissue Allows stretching Found in: Walls of arteries Elastic structures 5. Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Found in: Articular cartilage (joint surfaces) Costal cartilage (ribs) Fibrocartilage Strongest cartilage Found in: Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Meniscus of knee Elastic Cartilage Provides flexibility Found in: External ear 6. Skin (Integumentary System) Epidermal Cells Keratinocytes Produce keratin Waterproofing protein Melanocytes Produce melanin Protect from UV radiation Langerhans Cells Immune defense Fight infection Merkel Cells Touch receptors 7. Layers of the Epidermis Deepest → Most Superficial Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum (only thick skin) Stratum Corneum Thick Skin Found on: Palms Soles Contains: Stratum Lucidum Dead Layers Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum Filled with keratin. 8. Skin Glands Sudoriferous Glands Sweat glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Sebaceous Glands Produce sebum (oil) Ceruminous Glands Produce earwax Mammary Glands Modified sweat glands Produce milk 9. Skeletal System Upper Extremity Humerus Arm bone Radius Lateral forearm bone Thumb side Ulna Medial forearm bone Forms elbow joint Carpals Wrist bones 8 bones Metacarpals Hand bones Phalanges Finger bones Thumb: 2 phalanges Other fingers: 3 phalanges Pelvis Ilium Superior portion Pubis Anterior portion Ischium Posterior/inferior portion "Sit bones" Lower Extremity Femur Thigh bone Tibia Shin bone Medial Fibula Lateral lower leg bone Tarsals Ankle bones Metatarsals Foot bones Phalanges Toe bones Big toe: 2 phalanges Other toes: 3 phalanges High-Yield Exam Questions 1. What is Brownian movement? Random movement of particles caused by kinetic energy. 2. Does diffusion require energy? No. It is passive transport. 3. Difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion requires a selectively permeable membrane protein. 4. What is phagocytosis? Cell eating (engulfing solids). 5. What is pinocytosis? Cell drinking (engulfing fluids). 6. Which epithelial tissue has one layer of column-shaped cells? Simple columnar epithelium. 7. What is the matrix of connective tissue? Fibers + ground substance. 8. Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage. 9. Which epidermal cells produce melanin? Melanocytes. 10. What are the five epidermal layers? Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum. 11. Which bone is on the thumb side of the forearm? Radius. 12. Which bone forms the shin? Tibia. 13. What are the wrist bones called? Carpals. 14. What are the ankle bones called? Tarsals. 15. What are the hand and foot bones called? Metacarpals and Metatarsals. Quick Memorization Tips Pino = Sip → Pinocytosis = cell drinking Phago = Eat → Phagocytosis = cell eating Radius = Radio to Thumb → Radius is lateral Simple = One Layer Stratified = Many Layers Melanocytes = Melanin Keratinocytes = Keratin Sebaceous = Sebum (Oil) Sudoriferous = Sweat Carpals = Wrist Tarsals = Ankle This covers the major concepts your instructor specifically reviewed for the exam

​​2023 Semester Only Grade 7th/8th Physical Education Content Review Key Concepts Content • Responsible behaviors • Team Building • Responsible Behaviors o Demonstrate acceptance and respect for people with diverse backgrounds and abilities during fitness activities. Develop strategies for including everyone. o Demonstrate responsible behaviors during fitness activities. Examples of responsible behaviors are controlling emotions, resolving conflicts, respecting opponents and officials, and accepting both victory and defeat • Team Building o Characteristics of High-Performing Teams - Most members of high-performing teams report that it’s fun and satisfying to work on collaborative teams because they are asked to contribute at their highest potential and they learn a lot along the way. Characteristics of high-performing teams include the following: ▪ People have solid and deep trust in each other and in the team’s purpose — they feel free to express feelings and ideas. ▪ Everybody is working toward the same goals. Everyone places the team first. ▪ Team members are clear on how to work together and how to accomplish tasks. ▪ Everyone understands both team and individual performance goals and knows what is expected. ▪ Individuals contribute to the team based on their unique strengths ▪ The team engages in extensive discussion, and everyone gets a chance to contribute. ▪ Disagreement is viewed as a good thing and conflicts are managed. Criticism is constructive and is oriented toward problem solving and removing obstacles. ▪ The team makes decisions when there is natural agreement — in the cases where agreement is elusive, a decision is made by the team lead or executive sponsor, after which little second-guessing occurs. ▪ Each team member carries his or her own weight and respects the team processes and other members. ▪ The leadership of the team shifts from time to time, as appropriate, to drive results. ▪ No individual members are more important than the team. • Warm-up • Cool-Down • Heat Cramps • Hear Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Dehydration • Proper Attire (clothes and shoes) - color and type of clothing to be worn during exercise in different climates • Proper Hydration - drink water before, during and after exercise especially during hot weather • Warm-up: Gentle exercises that get the heart and muscles ready for moderate to vigorous physical activity. You know when you are warmed up when you begin to sweat and breath more heavily. o Walking or jogging for 5-10 minutes is recommended • Cool-Down: Gentle exercises that let the body adjust to ending a workout. Should last for 5-10 minutes allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to normal. o Include light stretching in your cool down to help muscles relax and not feel stiff or sore afterward. • Heat-Related Illnesses o Heat Cramps: Painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during exercise in a hot environment, caused by dehydration o Heat Exhaustion: A heat illness caused by the body overheating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness and rapid pulse o Heat Stoke: A health illness caused by the bodies inability to regulate its temperature. Symptoms include hot, dry skin, elevated body temperature, lack of sweat, hallucinations o Dehydration: Excessive loss of body fluid • Aerobic exercise • Anaerobic exercise • Pedometer • Vigorous • Moderate • FITT • Aerobic Exercise - Rhythmic activity that uses large amounts of oxygen and works the heart and lungs. • Anaerobic Exercise - Activities performed (without oxygen) consists of brief strength-based activities. • Heart Rate - The number of times your heart beats per minute. • Moderate physical activity - An activity with intensity equal to brisk walking. Activities of moderate intensity can be performed for relatively long periods of time without fatigue. • Vigorous physical activity - Movement that expends more energy or is performed at a higher intensity than brisk walking. • Forehand stroke • Backhand stroke • Forehand strokes (racquet sports) are where the front of the hand leads the stroke. o To strike the ball players should stand with their opposite shoulder facing the net, swing from low to high and follow through. Opposite footsteps toward the net. o Follow through by driving the racket forward so that it ends up above the shoulders, pointing up to the sky and in the direction of the ball you just hit. o Hitting the ball too late may cause the ball to land out of bounds. • Backhand strokes (racquet sports) are where the back of the hand leads the stroke. o Begin with a balanced ready position. Transition from large steps to smaller steps as a player closes in on the ball will help maintain balance. Step toward the net with the foot on the same side. o As the ball approaches, the player must move to intercept it, the shoulder must turn to begin the backswing. As a player sets to hit the ball, the backswing is complete. o The path of the racket extends along the intended flight of the ball as long as possible. Contact point for a one-handed backhand is further in front of the body than in a two-handed stroke. o The face of the racket remains vertical through the contact zone. The follow through is high. • CPR • Aquatic safety • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) o Hands-Only CPR Steps: ▪ Call 911 and push hard and fast in the center of the chest (100 compressions a minute) • Aquatic Safety o Swim with a buddy o Take swimming, diving, and water safety or rescue classes to learn the skills to swim and dive safely. o Never swim under the influence of alcohol or drugs o Make sure to check the depth of the water before diving • Free Pass • Penalty try • Rugby Game Play: o free pass: is used to start the match or restart after a “try”. It starts from the center of the field at the halfway line at the beginning of each half. From the touch line (at the place where the ball went into touch) when the ball goes into touch (put into play), and from where the referee makes a mark when an infringement has taken place. o To score in flag rugby you must be on or cross the end zone with your flag on, touch the ball to the ground and say “try”. o A penalty try will be awarded if a try would have been scored if there was not foul play by the defending team. o When a try is scored, the game is restarted by a free pass from the center of the pitch by the non-scoring team. o The player taking the free pass must start with the ball in both hands and, when instructed by the referee who will declare “Play”, pass the ball sideways or backwards through the air to a team-mate. • Rules of the game • Basketball Rules: o The game starts with a jump ball then alternate possession begins. o Five players play on the floor at a time. Players’ positions consist of guards, forwards and a center, o Traveling- is having possession of the ball and moving without dribbling, resulting in a turnover. • Rules • Ultimate Frisbee is a non-contact field sport that combines elements of soccer, football and basketball. The object of the game is for a team to pass the disc from player to player until a pass is completed to a teammate in the end zone resulting in a score. Teams consist of 7 players. • How the Game is Played: o The game is played to 13 points or until a certain amount of time has passed. o All players from both teams begin each point in their respective end zones. Play is initiated with a “pull” from the defensive team’s end zone. The disc is passed from player to player down the field. o Once the disc is caught the “handler” must come to a complete stop. He/she may pivot but must maintain one planted foot at all times (even on the follow through). o The thrower or “handler” has ten seconds to throw the disc once caught. o A point is scored when a receiver catches the disc in the end zone. • Warm-up • Cool-Down • Heat Cramps • Heat Exhaustion • Heat Stroke • Dehydration • Proper Attire (clothes and shoes) - color and type of clothing to be worn during exercise in different climates • Proper Hydration - drink water before, during and after exercise especially during hot weather • Warm-up: Gentle exercises that get the heart and muscles ready for moderate to vigorous physical activity. You know when you are warmed up when you begin to sweat and breath more heavily. o Walking or jogging for 5-10 minutes is recommended • Cool-Down: Gentle exercises that let the body adjust to ending a workout. Should last for 5-10 minutes allowing your heart rate and breathing to return to normal. o Include light stretching in your cool down to help muscles relax and not feel stiff or sore afterward. • Heat-Related Illnesses o Heat Cramps: Painful, brief muscle cramps that occur during exercise in a hot environment, caused by dehydration o Heat Exhaustion: A heat illness caused by the body overheating. Symptoms include heavy sweating, dizziness, weakness and rapid pulse o Heat Stoke: A health illness caused by the bodies inability to regulate its temperature. Symptoms include hot, dry skin, elevated body temperature, lack of sweat, hallucinations • Dehydration: Excessive loss of body fluid • Alcohol • Smoking • Effective Communication • Alcohol o Underage drinking is considered illegal o There are laws about alcohol consumption o Alcohol slows down the ability to think clearly • Smoking o Smoking is the primary risk factor in respiratory diseases including emphysema and bronchitis o Cigarette smoking causes the heartbeat to increase the heart rate o Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates the heart to beat faster, which increases the heart’s need for more oxygen. Carbon monoxide replaces the oxygen in the blood forcing the heart to work harder. • Effective Communication o Includes: ▪ being respectful ▪ Actively listening ▪ Using assertive communication skills when needed • PACER • Push-ups • Curl-ups • Sit and Reach • Fitness Test o PACER: Performed to measure cardiorespiratory fitness o Push-ups: Use to measure muscular strength and endurance o Curl-ups: Used to measure abdominal muscular endurance and muscular strength o Sit and Reach: Performed to measure a student’s flexibility • Digital Citizenship • Digital Footprint • Digital Citizenship: is a safe, responsible, and respectful use of technology • Digital Footprint: is essentially a history of everything you’ve ever done online. Everything you post and do online can follow you through middle and high school, college, and even when you get a job. It has the potential to contribute positively or negatively to your digital reputation. • Positions in Hockey • How the Game is played • Scoring • Hand Placement • How the game of hockey is played o Street hockey is played very similar to ice hockey using the same rules and similar style of play. The only difference is that the players are using a ball instead of a puck and are running on firm ground rather than skating on ice. The game is played with 5 players and a goalie. There are five players on the court at a time with a goalie. Three forwards (2 wingers and a center) and two defenders. • Object of the game o Hockey is a fast-paced team sport, and the object is to outscore your opponent in the allotted time. • Start to play o A face-off will occur after every goal scored and to start off each period. The referee will drop the ball in-between the two centers who are facing each other. There are three periods in a game. • Out of Bounds o If the ball is hit out of bounds, then the opposing team may pass it back in from the side lines. • Scoring o a goal is made when a player either knocks down a cone, or if the ball crosses the goal line. Both goals and assists will be rewarded when scorekeeping during tournament play at the end of the unit. • How the game is played • Players and positions • Basic Skills • How the game of volleyball is played: o A game is played to 25 points. A team must win by 2 points and is called a set. A match is 3 out of 5 sets. o The server must stand anywhere behind the end line on his/her side of the court prior to the serve. The ball may be served underhand or overhand. The player who serves is in the right back position. o Each team may only hit the ball 3 times on its side before the ball must pass over the net. o The teams will rotate clockwise each time they win the serve. o A point is scored every time a ball is not returned properly into the opponent’s court, this is called rally scoring. Thus, both serving and receiving teams can score points. o If the ball hits the line it is considered, in bounds or good. • Players and Positions: o Setters – player who “sets” the ball with an “overhead pass” for a teammate to hit, the setter normally runs the offense o Hitter - the spiker or attacker o Outside hitter - A left or right-front attacker normally taking an approach which starts from outside the court o Libero - defensive specialists, designated for back row only, and wear a different colored jersey. The libero may serve for one player she is substituting for per game. o Blocking - A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back into the hitter’s court. To block, move your body in front of the hitter, keep arms in front, straight, palms facing the ball. • Players • Rules • Cues for throwing in flag football • Cues for catching • Scoring • Flag Safety • Defensive Strategy • Flag Football Players Include o Quarterback - The offensive person who is in charge of advancing the ball down the field (either by hand-off or pass), in order to gain yardage, a first down, or to score a touchdown. The QB also initiates and calls the plays. o Center - The offensive person who is in charge of “snapping” or “hiking” the football to the Quarterback. (“Hiking” means to hand the ball between the legs) o Receiver - The offensive person who runs a route down the field to catch a pass from the quarterback in order to gain yardage, a first down, or to score a touchdown • Rules o Interception - When the defensive player catches a pass intended for an offensive receiver o Sack - When the Quarterback has his flag pulled by the defense behind the line of scrimmage o Fumble - When the ball is dropped after being in possession o Line of Scrimmage - Each play starts on the line of scrimmage. The line of scrimmage is the imaginary line where the nose of the ball is placed to separate the offensive team from the defensive team. • Downs - The offensive team then has 4 “downs” to advance the ball to the next 1st down marker. Teams may advance the ball by passing or rushing • How the game is played • How the game of soccer is played o Soccer is a field game between two teams of up to 11 players. o The purpose of the game is to make goals by dribbling, heading, or volleying the ball into the opponent’s goal while defending the teams own goal from opponents. o The ball is put into play at the beginning of the game when a player kicks the ball into the opponent’s half of the field at a distance of at least the circumference of the ball. The kicking player may not kick the ball twice in a row. o Once the ball is in play, each team tries to advance the ball toward the opponent’s goal to score by dribbling and passing it down the field. o Players are free to play the ball in any direction during play. In typical play, players attempt to create goal scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, dribbling, passing and taking shots on goal

What are some examples of human behaviors that might be considered instinctual? Human instinctual behaviors include newborn reflexes (like grasping), fear responses (like loud noises or heights), bonding between parents and children, facial expressions (like smiling and crying), the fight-or-flight response, imitation, language learning ability, and the need for social connection. In Drive-Reduction Theory, what is meant by a “drive”? What about “homeostasis”? In Drive-Reduction Theory, a “drive” is an internal state of tension or discomfort caused by an unmet biological need, such as hunger or thirst, that motivates a person to act. “Homeostasis” refers to the body’s tendency to maintain a stable and balanced internal state, so behaviors are motivated by the desire to reduce drives and restore balance. How is the Arousal Theory different from Drive-Reduction Theory? Arousal Theory focuses on seeking an optimal level of stimulation, while Drive-Reduction Theory focuses on reducing biological needs. Arousal explains thrill-seeking; drive-reduction explains behaviors like eating when hungry. How does Maslow’s Hierarchy suggest we prioritize our goals? Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs suggests that people tend to prioritize basic needs before higher-level goals. According to the theory, physiological needs like food and sleep come first, followed by safety, love and belonging, esteem, and finally self-actualization, which involves reaching one’s full potential. The idea is that lower-level needs usually must be reasonably satisfied before a person focuses strongly on higher-level needs. Give a real-life example of each level of Maslow’s hierarchy. In Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, physiological needs include food and sleep, safety needs include shelter and security, love and belonging involve friendships and family, esteem needs include confidence and respect, and self-actualization involves reaching personal goals and potential. Why might Maslow's theory be criticized across different cultures?+ù Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs may be criticized across cultures because it reflects individualistic values, such as personal achievement and self-actualization, which may not be prioritized equally in all societies. In some cultures, community, family, or group needs may be considered more important than individual goals. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? Intrinsic Motivation comes from internal enjoyment or personal satisfaction, while Extrinsic Motivation comes from external rewards or pressures, such as money, grades, or praise. Which type of motivation do you think leads to more lasting change? Why? Intrinsic Motivation usually leads to more lasting change because the behavior is driven by genuine interest, enjoyment, or personal meaning, so it continues even without external rewards. Extrinsic Motivation can be effective in the short term, but the behavior often stops when rewards or pressure are removed, since the motivation depends on outside factors rather than internal commitment. What are the traits of someone with a high need for achievement? A person with a high need for achievement sets challenging but realistic goals, prefers tasks with clear personal responsibility, seeks feedback, and is persistent. They are motivated by doing well and improving rather than just external rewards. Why might low achievers choose tasks that are either very easy or very hard? People with a low need for achievement may choose very easy tasks because they are almost guaranteed success, which helps them avoid failure and protect their self-esteem. They may also choose very hard tasks because failure can be blamed on the difficulty of the task rather than their ability, which also protects their self-image. What role does the hypothalamus play in hunger? The hypothalamus helps regulate hunger by monitoring the body’s energy needs and signaling when to eat or stop eating. Different parts work together: one area triggers hunger when energy is low, while another signals fullness after eating. It responds to hormones, blood sugar levels, and signals from the stomach to maintain balance. What is the difference between set point theory and settling point theory? Set point theory says the body has a fixed, biologically controlled weight it tries to maintain. Settling point theory says weight is flexible and depends on lifestyle and environment, so it can change over time. What psychological and social cues can influence how much we eat? Psychological cues like stress, mood, and distraction can increase or decrease how much we eat. Social cues such as eating with others, portion sizes, and cultural expectations also strongly influence eating behavior. What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa? Anorexia Nervosa includes extreme food restriction, significant weight loss, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image. It can also cause fatigue, dizziness, feeling cold, and in some cases, serious health problems. How does bulimia differ from anorexia? Bulimia Nervosa involves binge eating followed by purging and often normal weight. Anorexia Nervosa involves severe food restriction and very low body weight. How might perfectionism be linked to the development of eating disorders? Perfectionism can lead people to set unrealistically high standards for their body, weight, or eating habits, which increases stress and dissatisfaction. This pressure can contribute to restrictive eating or binge-purge behaviors as they try to “achieve” an ideal body image. According to James-Lange theory, what comes first: the emotion or the physical response? According to James-Lange Theory, the physical response comes first. The body reacts to a stimulus, and then the brain interprets those physical changes as an emotion. How does Cannon-Bard theory explain simultaneous emotion and bodily reaction? Cannon-Bard Theory says emotion and bodily reaction happen at the same time. A stimulus triggers the brain to send signals that produce both the emotional experience and the physical response simultaneously, rather than one causing the other. What evidence supports the idea that emotions are biologically universal? Evidence shows people across cultures recognize the same facial expressions, and even blind people show them, suggesting emotions are biologically universal. Similar brain activity patterns also support this idea. . What are Paul Ekman’s universal emotions? Paul Ekman identified six universal emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise. How might facial expressions influence how we feel? Facial expressions can shape emotions through the idea that acting a certain way can influence how we feel internally. For example, smiling may increase feelings of happiness, while frowning can intensify sadness. Body and facial feedback to the brain helps reinforce or even create emotional experiences. Why is it important to recognize that emotions can be expressed differently across cultures? Paul Ekman shows some emotions are universal, but recognizing cultural differences matters because people can display and interpret emotions in different ways across cultures. Misunderstanding these differences can lead to miscommunication or incorrect judgments about others’ feelings or intentions

exam 1 Fidelity means to..... Correct 10 / 10 Do GOOD Do No HARM KEEP your promiseRight Answer 2) Non-Maleficence means to..... Non-Maleficence means to..... Correct 10 / 10 Do GOOD Do NO HARMRight Answer Keep your promise 3) Veracity means to....... Veracity means to....... Correct 10 / 10 Tell the TRUTHRight Answer Do NO HARM Allow resident to make their own medical decisions 4) As the CMA, it is LEGAL to take phone orders from a physician, physician’s assistant, advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), dentist, or pharmacist. As the CMA, it is LEGAL to take phone orders from a physician, physician’s assistant, advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), dentist, or pharmacist. Correct 10 / 10 True False Right Answer 5) As the CMA, it is ILLEGAL to give medication by any route that involves puncturing the skin (parental medication), such as intramuscular or subcutaneous injections or through intravenous lines. As the CMA, it is ILLEGAL to give medication by any route that involves puncturing the skin (parental medication), such as intramuscular or subcutaneous injections or through intravenous lines. Correct 10 / 10 True Right Answer False 6) As The Certified Medication Aide, it is LEGAL to refuse to perform a task the medication aide has not been trained to do or does not feel competent to perform. As The Certified Medication Aide, it is LEGAL to refuse to perform a task the medication aide has not been trained to do or does not feel competent to perform. Correct 10 / 10 True Right Answer False 7) As the CMA, it is ILLEGAL to perform certain procedures EVEN if you are taught to do so and deemed competent by a supervising licensed nurse. As the CMA, it is ILLEGAL to perform certain procedures EVEN if you are taught to do so and deemed competent by a supervising licensed nurse. Incorrect 0 / 10 True False Right Answer 8) As the CMA, you LEGALLY work directly under which person(s)? As the CMA, you LEGALLY work directly under which person(s)? Correct 10 / 10 Doctor LPN or RNRight Answer Director of Nursing 9) As a CMA it is IMPORTANT to know which of the following when it comes to attitudes and responsibilities? As a CMA it is IMPORTANT to know which of the following when it comes to attitudes and responsibilities? Correct 10 / 10 Know yourself and your attitude towards medicationsRight Answer Be able to Identify your residentsRight Answer Know your resident's normal behaviorRight Answer Recognize residents as individualsRight Answer 10) As the Medication Aide, it is important to know what is expected of you. As a result, you must be familiar with your job description. As the Medication Aide, it is important to know what is expected of you. As a result, you must be familiar with your job description

T - Pliny pg. 16 (hoc certamine...audire narrare)

V - pliny pg. 16 (hoc certamine...audire narrare)

Tener (To Have - Possession, age, certain sensations like hunger)

How are people influenced to behave in certain ways?

Philosophy Exam 1 ⸻ Sigmund Freud (Psychoanalysis) 1. Id – Ego – Superego Freud explains personality as a system of three interacting structures that are in constant conflict. * Id The id is entirely unconscious and represents instinctual drives such as aggression, hunger, and sexual desire. It operates on the pleasure principle, meaning it demands immediate satisfaction without considering reality, morality, or consequences. It is irrational and purely driven by biological impulses. * Ego The ego develops to mediate between the id and external reality. It operates on the reality principle, meaning it tries to satisfy instinctual desires in realistic and socially acceptable ways. It uses reasoning, planning, and delayed gratification. It is partly conscious and responsible for decision-making. * Superego The superego represents internalized moral values and social rules learned from parents and society. It judges behaviour and produces feelings of guilt or pride depending on whether actions align with moral standards. It often conflicts with the id by imposing strict moral constraints. Key idea: personality results from the continuous tension between instinct (id), reality (ego), and morality (superego). ⸻ 2. Defence Mechanisms Defence mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety caused by conflict between the id, superego, and reality. They distort perception in order to protect the individual from psychological discomfort. * Repression Unacceptable thoughts or memories are pushed into the unconscious and become inaccessible, although they may still influence behaviour indirectly. * Denial The individual refuses to accept a painful or threatening reality. * Projection The person attributes their own unacceptable feelings or impulses to others. * Displacement Emotional impulses are redirected from the original source to a safer target. * Rationalization The individual creates false but logical explanations for behaviour in order to avoid guilt or anxiety. * Reaction Formation An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite behaviour. * Regression Under stress, the individual returns to earlier, more childish patterns of behaviour. * Sublimation Unacceptable impulses are transformed into socially acceptable or productive activities. * Intellectualization Emotional situations are dealt with through abstract or logical thinking to avoid confronting feelings. * Compensation The individual develops strengths in one area to make up for weaknesses in another. * Identification The person adopts the traits or behaviours of another individual to reduce anxiety or increase self-esteem. * Undoing The person attempts to symbolically cancel out unacceptable thoughts or actions through corrective behaviour. Key idea: defence mechanisms are automatic, unconscious, and protect the ego by distorting reality. ⸻ 3. Psychosexual Stages Freud argues that personality develops through stages where psychic energy (libido) is focused on different parts of the body. Fixation at a stage can influence adult personality. * Oral stage (0–1): pleasure through feeding; fixation may lead to dependence or oral habits. * Anal stage (1–3): focus on control and toilet training; fixation may lead to orderliness or messiness. * Phallic stage (3–6): development of gender identity and early moral awareness; family dynamics are central. * Latency stage (6–puberty): sexual energy is dormant; focus on learning and social development. * Genital stage (puberty onward): mature sexuality and adult relationships. Key idea: early childhood experiences strongly shape adult personality. ⸻ René Descartes 1. Dualism Descartes argues that reality is composed of two fundamentally different substances: * Mind (res cogitans): non-physical substance responsible for thinking, consciousness, reasoning, and doubt. * Body (res extensa): physical substance that occupies space and follows mechanical laws. Although distinct, mind and body interact, creating the mind–body problem of how two different substances can influence each other. Key idea: humans are composed of both mental and physical substances that are fundamentally different. ⸻ 2. Rationalism Rationalism is the view that reason is the primary source of knowledge, more reliable than sensory experience. Descartes argues that the senses can deceive us through illusions and dreams, so knowledge must be based on clear and distinct ideas produced by reason. He uses methodic doubt, systematically doubting all uncertain beliefs until reaching something absolutely certain. Key idea: reliable knowledge must come from reason rather than the senses. ⸻ 3. Cogito: “I think therefore I am” Descartes establishes that even radical doubt proves existence. If he is doubting, he must be thinking; if he is thinking, he must exist as a thinking being. Key idea: the act of thinking guarantees the existence of the self. ⸻ Plato 1. Ideal Society Plato’s political philosophy divides society into three classes corresponding to parts of the human soul: * Rulers (philosopher-kings): guided by reason and wisdom; they govern society. * Guardians: guided by courage; they protect and defend the state. * Producers: guided by desire; they provide material goods and services. Justice occurs when each class performs its proper function without interfering in the roles of others. Key idea: social justice is harmony through specialization and proper role distribution. ⸻ 2. Theory of Forms Plato distinguishes between two levels of reality: * The physical world: constantly changing, imperfect, and perceived through the senses. * The world of Forms: eternal, perfect, and unchanging essences such as Beauty, Justice, and Equality. Physical objects are imperfect copies of these perfect Forms. Key idea: true knowledge is knowledge of eternal Forms, not sensory appearances. ⸻ 3. Allegory of the Cave Plato describes prisoners chained in a cave who see only shadows and believe them to be reality. One prisoner escapes and discovers the real world illuminated by the sun, which represents truth. When he returns, the others reject him. Key idea: education is the process of moving from illusion to truth, which is difficult and often resisted. ⸻ Francis Bacon 1. Four Idols of the Mind Bacon identifies four sources of systematic error in human thinking: * Idols of the Tribe: universal human biases in perception and reasoning. * Idols of the Cave: individual biases shaped by personal experience and education. * Idols of the Marketplace: errors caused by language and communication. * Idols of the Theatre: blind acceptance of philosophical systems and traditions. Key idea: human reasoning is naturally flawed and must be corrected through scientific method. ⸻ 2. Empiricism Empiricism is the theory that knowledge comes from sensory experience and observation. Bacon argues that scientific knowledge must be based on experimentation, data collection, and systematic observation rather than pure reasoning. Key idea: knowledge is grounded in experience, not abstract speculation. ⸻ 3. Induction vs Deduction Induction is reasoning from specific observations to general laws. Deduction is reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions. Bacon emphasizes induction as the foundation of scientific knowledge because it is based on empirical evidence. Key idea: science progresses by building general laws from observed facts. ⸻ Friedrich Nietzsche 1. “God is Dead” Nietzsche argues that modern science and secular thinking have undermined the authority of traditional religion as a source of meaning and morality. This leads to a cultural crisis in which old values collapse without being replaced. Key idea: the loss of religious authority creates a crisis of meaning. ⸻ 2. Nihilism Passive nihilism refers to despair and the belief that life has no meaning. Active nihilism refers to the rejection of old values in order to create new ones. Key idea: nihilism represents both the breakdown of meaning and the possibility of creating new values. ⸻ 3. Übermensch The Übermensch is the ideal individual who creates their own values, rejects conformity, embraces life fully, and overcomes traditional moral systems. Key idea: humans must move beyond inherited values and become creators of meaning. ⸻ Charles Darwin 1. Natural Selection Evolution occurs through natural selection. Individuals within a species vary, and those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, these traits become more common in the population. Key idea: evolution is driven by survival advantage rather than purposeful design. ⸻ 2. Morality (Evolutionary view) Darwin argues that morality is not divine but evolved through natural processes. Humans developed social instincts such as empathy and cooperation because these traits improved survival within groups. Key idea: morality is a product of biological and social evolution

What are certain types of forces?