✈️ AVTN 110 — AVIATION BASICS STUDY GUIDE 1. FAA — Federal Aviation Administration What does the FAA do? * Promotes aviation safety. * Creates safety standards for civil aviation. * Regulates pilots, aircraft, flight operations, and training. Important terms * FARs = Federal Aviation Regulations * Rules for aviation. * CFR = Code of Federal Regulations * Collection of U.S. government rules. * Title 14 = Aeronautics and Space * Covers civil aviation. Remember: FAA = Safety + Rules ⸻ 2. 14 CFR Title 14 — Aeronautics and Space Important parts: * Part 61 → Pilot certification * Part 91 → General flight rules * Part 135 → Commercial/corporate operations * Part 141 → Flight schools with FAA-approved programs Easy memory: 61 = Pilot 91 = Rules 135 = Corporate/Charter 141 = Flight School ⸻ 3. NOTAMs NOTAM = Notice to Airmen NOTAMs give pilots important, time-sensitive information. Examples: * Runway closed * Taxiway closed * Obstructions * Airshows * Special events Remember: NOTAM = Something important has changed. ⸻ 4. Pilot Certifications Private Pilot * Personal or recreational flying. * Cannot normally accept payment for flying. * Can command an aircraft under VFR. VFR = Visual Flight Rules Commercial Pilot * Allows you to earn money for flying. * Without an instrument rating, there are restrictions on flying for hire. ATP — Airline Transport Pilot * Highest level of pilot certificate. * Needed to serve as PIC/SIC in airline operations. * Generally requires 1,500 hours. * Minimum age is 23. PIC Pilot in Command SIC Second in Command Restricted ATP * Can allow someone to serve as SIC at scheduled airlines. * Based on certain education and flight-experience requirements. * Minimum age is 21. ⸻ 5. Extra Pilot Ratings Instrument Rating Allows you to fly in a wider range of weather conditions using instruments. IFR = Instrument Flight Rules Commercial Rating Allows you to receive compensation for flying. MEI Multi-Engine Instructor Important for many flying jobs. CFI Certified Flight Instructor Teaches people how to fly. CFII Certified Flight Instructor — Instrument Teaches instrument flying. Seaplane Rating Allows you to fly seaplanes. ⸻ 6. Flight Instructor What does a flight instructor do? The instructor is responsible for training the student in the knowledge and skills needed to become a safe pilot. A CFI must: * Have enough flying experience. * Pass knowledge tests. * Pass practical tests. * Demonstrate teaching ability. Remember: CFI = Teaches you to fly ⸻ 7. What Is a Flying Lesson Like? 1. Weather Check Check weather to see if conditions are safe. 2. Instructor Briefing Talk with your instructor about what you will practice. 3. Preflight Inspection Use a checklist to inspect the airplane. 4. Flight Practice old skills and learn new maneuvers. 5. After Flight * Instructor evaluates the lesson. * Logbook is filled out. * Instructor endorses the logbook when needed. Easy memory: Weather → Brief → Inspect → Fly → Log ⸻ 8. Part 61 vs Part 141 Part 61 * More flexible. * Often smaller/“mom & pop” flight schools. * Certified instructors. * Curriculum is not regulated by FAA in the same way as Part 141. * Training is focused on meeting the required test standards. * More personalized to each student. Part 141 * Highly regulated by FAA. * Has an approved curriculum. * Flight AND ground training are regulated. * More paperwork. * Certified CFIs. * Has a regulated maintenance program. * Academic units can reduce the required flight hours for certain certificates. * Can be eligible for GI Bill benefits. Easy memory: Part 61 = Flexible Part 141 = Structured + FAA regulated ⸻ 9. Four Forces of Flight There are 4 forces: ✈️ Thrust Forward force Produced by the: * Propeller * Powerplant/engine 🛑 Drag Backward force Caused by resistance/disruption of airflow around: * Wings * Fuselage * Other aircraft parts ⬇️ Weight Downward force The combined load of the aircraft, including: * Crew * Fuel * Cargo/baggage ⬆️ Lift Upward force Produced by air acting on the wing. SUPER EASY: Thrust → Forward Drag → Backward Lift → Up Weight → Down ⸻ 10. Aviation Career Opportunities Possible aviation careers/areas: * ✈️ Airlines * 🛫 Airports * 🛩️ Flight Departments * 🏢 Part 91 / Part 135 corporate flying * 🚁 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) * 🚀 Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) * ⛽ Fixed Base Operators (FBOs) * 🎖️ Military * 👮 Law Enforcement ⸻ 11. NATO Phonetic Alphabet You need to know these:

Brown v. Board of Education

Ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Separate but Equal Doctrine

Legal doctrine that justified racial segregation under the guise of providing equal accommodations.

Civil Rights Movement

A movement aimed at ending racial discrimination and ensuring equal rights for African Americans.

1954

The year the Supreme Court delivered the Brown v. Board of Education ruling.

Integration

The process of ending the separation of two groups, typically referring to races.

Supreme Court

The highest court in the U.S. which has ultimate appellate jurisdiction.

Desegregation

The process of eliminating laws, customs, and policies that keep different races apart.

Racial Discrimination

Unfair treatment of individuals based on their race.

Education

A key area addressed in the Brown v. Board of Education decision, emphasizing equality in schooling.

Legal Precedent

A court decision that is cited as an example or analogy to resolve similar legal issues in future cases.