Results for "Agora"

Phobias and Agoraphobia

GAD, Panic Disorder, & Agoraphobia

Attaque de Panique, Trouble Panique et Agoraphobie

Agorafobie (H6: angststoornissen)

Agoraphobia DSM-5 (COOPE) (PHOBIA)

WTW List #1 - Phobia

Explain the cognitive approach for GAD See course pack pg 18 Explain classical conditioning of phobias Let's say there is a dog that is the unconditioned stimulus, however it bites it then it becomes the unconditioned response because it leads to pain. So when there are any dogs around, the conditioned stimulus is a new dog. The new conditioned response is to fear the new dog. What is systematic desensitization in terms of specific phobias? It's where you learn relaxation skills, create a fear hierarchy (see coure pack pg 12) and to comfort feared situations. Relaxation is incompatible with fear. What are the 3 types of treatments for phobias? Systematic desensitization, flooding and modeling What are the 3 different types of systematic desensitization? In vivo desensitization which is facing your fears live, covert desensitization which is facing your fears by an imaginal situation and the new approach which is facing your fears by virtual reality. What is flooding? It is where you are facing your fears by being forced non gradually so you get exposure What is modeling? It's where your therapist confronts the feared object and the client watches What is the key success to beating phobias Research supports there treatment and the key to success is actual contact with feared object or situation What is the treatment for agoraphobia? Exposure. The therapist helps the client go farther and farther from their homes. However, often for agoraphobia it's a partial recovery and relapse is pretty common. What are the characteristics of Social Anxiety Disorder? Anxiety in social situations, it often begins in childhood, worried about being judged, they see themselves as “bad performers”. What are the symptoms of social anxiety disorder? Negative thoughts, feeling embarrassed in social situations, various physical reactions, avoidance of if they can't avoid they use their “safety behaviours.” What is the cognitive perspective as to what causes Social Anxiety Disorder? The theory is that they have self defeating beliefs which are just cognitive distortions. The thought is that they set unrealistic high social standards. They also think that they are “unattractive and socially unskilled” What is the treatment for social anxiety disorder? To do cbt therapy where you change your thoughts and beliefs, exposure to uncomfortable social situations, social skills/ assertiveness training. Treatment often includes using antidepressants but therapy is as effective as meds and it's less likely to cause a relapse. What are the characteristics of panic disorder? Panic attacks are periodic and they are unpredictable. There is often worry about having another attack. The fears are that they are going crazy, going to die, and fear of losing control. What are the symptoms of panic disorder? Extreme physical sensations and the panic attack peaks rapidly, it starts to diminish after around 5-10 minutes. According to the biological perspective, what causes panic disorder? The theory is that it is caused by irregular norepinephrine activity. What is the treatment for panic disorder based on the biological perspective? Antidepressants and benzodiazepines. To learn to break the cycle of attack, the anticipation and fear. Combination treatment is best meaning meds and therapy is highly recommended. According to the cognitive approach, what causes panic disorder? The theory is that one is overly sensitive to certain bodily sensations like anxiety sensitivity. Misinterpret: signs of medical catastrophe. What is the treatment for panic disorder based on the cognitive approach? To have accurate interpretations, interactive exposure which is the biological challenge procedure (like running in place to get your heart rate up to realize that when your heart rate is up it doesn't mean you're going to have an attack) and relaxation and breathing techniques. What are the characteristics of Obsessive compulsive disorder? Obsessions which are intrusive, foreign and persistent. If you try to resist the obsessions it causes a lot of anxiety. Compulsions which develop rituals and they are unreasonable. They know it is unreasonable but they fear terrible results and the compulsions also cause temporary relief from anxiety. According to the Behavioural perspective, what causes OCD? Compulsions which reduce anxiety in this cause the behaviours are learnt. What is the treatment for OCD based on the behavioral perspective? Exposure and response prevention. You experience the anxiety while resisting doing the ritual According to the Cognitive perspective, what causes OCD? The thought is to try to neutralize “bad” thoughts but it fails. What is the treatment for OCD based on the cognitive perspective? To identify and change distorted cognitions. CBT therapy is better than cognitive or behavioural therapy According to the Biological perspective, what causes OCD? It's thought to be because of an abnormal serotonin activity and or brain structure and functioning. It takes place in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei What is the treatment for OCD based on the biological perspective? It's antidepressants but also meds and cbt may be most effective What are the symptoms of Unipolar disorder? Low mood/ irritability (especially in children and adolescents), there's a loss of pleasure/ interest in activities they once enjoyed. Weight appetite and sleep patterns change, there is lethargy and agitation, fatigue problems with concentration and attention span and there's a possibility of suicidality. What are the different types of Unipolar disorder? Major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder which is just depression that's persistent but not as severe as major depressive disorder and double depression which is an alternation between major and persistent depression. According to the Biological perspective, what causes unipolar depression? Genetic factors play a role. Biochemical factors like serotonin and norepinephrine and also maybe dopamine play a role. What is the treatment for unipolar depression based on the biological perspective? Antidepressants and electro convulsive therapy (ECT) which is done on half of the brian According to the analytic/ dynamic perspective, what causes unipolar depression? The theory is that the death of a loved one causes a regression to the oral stage, and relationships lead to insecurity. What is the treatment for unipolar depression based on the analytic/ dynamic perspective To review past events and feelings According to the Behavioral perspective, what causes unipolar depression? The theory is that less rewards leads to more constructive behaviours. Researchers say that number of social rewards is very important What is the treatment for unipolar depression based on the Behavioral perspective The treatment is to increase pleasurable activities then reward the client with reward appropriate behaviours According to the cognitive perspective, what causes unipolar depression? Learn helplessness where you believe that you have no control over your life. There's the belief that there are also attributions. Internal attributions are global and stable. For example “it's all my fault (internal). I ruin everything (global) and I always will ((stable). Then there are better attributions. For example, “she had a role in this also (external), but I have been a jerk lately (specifically), and I don't usually act like that” (unstable). This is because of negative thinking which are becks 4 cognitive components What are becks 4 cognitive components? Maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking and automatic negative thoughts What is bipolar disorder? Its bouts of low depression and highs of mania which are extreme mood swings. Bipolar disorder usually starts in late adolescence and early adulthood, its onset usually begins between ages of 15-44 years. What are the five main areas of symptoms in mania? Emotional, motivational, behavioural, cognitive and physical Explain the two different kinds of bipolar disorder There is bipolar one, which is characterized by full manic and major depressive episodes. Then there is bipolar two which is characterized by hypomanic episodes which are less severe than bipolar one and also major depressive episodes that are also less severe than bipolar one. These can recur 4+ episodes in a year which we would call that rapid cycling. What is cyclothymic disorder? It is characterized by many periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depression. Symptoms must last 2+ years to be diagnosed and you experience periods of normal mood. However this disorder may progress to bipolar one According to the Biological perspective, what causes bipolar disorder? Genetic factors like you inherit a predisposition. So identical twins there is a 40% likelihood both twins would have bipolar disorder however, in fraternal twins there is only a 5-10% likelihood. According to the permission theory, what causes bipolar disorder? The theory is that low serotonin opens the door to mood disorder with norepinephrine. Depressed episodes are believed to be caused by low serotonin and low norepinephrine. However mania is believed to be caused by low serotonin but high norepinephrine. What is the treatment for bipolar disorder Lithium therapy which is very effective. 60% of patients with mania improve, but determining the correct dosage is difficult because too high a dosage in lithium can actually cause lithium intoxication which is poisoning. However, compliance is an issue that makes people not want to stay on it because it has lots of side effects like weight loss and some people don't like the side effects but there are also people who like the feeling of mania and do not want to take lithium to get rid of the mania.

Factors that affect the likelihood of PTSD and Agoraphobics vs. Social Phobics

agorafobia

Here'S A Brief Definition For Each Concept Listed In Ap Psychology From Your Worksheet: ### Ap Psychology Concepts **263. Schachter & Singer’S Theory**: Proposes That Emotion Results From The Interaction Between Physiological Arousal And The Cognitive Interpretation Of That Arousal. **264. Suproxim Experiment**: This Does Not Seem To Be A Standard Term In Ap Psychology. Please Verify If The Term Is Correct. **265. James-Lange Theory Of Emotion**: Suggests That Emotions Occur As A Result Of Physiological Reactions To Events. According To This Theory, You Feel Sad Because You Cry, And You Feel Happy Because You Smile. **266. Cannon-Bard Theory Of Emotion**: Proposes That Emotional And Physiological Responses Occur Simultaneously Following A Stimulating Event. **267. Richard Lazarus’S Appraisal Theory**: Suggests That Emotions Are Determined By An Individual'S Cognitive Appraisal Of A Situation, Considering How The Situation Will Affect Their Personal Well-Being. **268. Facial Feedback Theory (Paul Ekman)**: Suggests That Facial Expressions Can Influence Emotional Experiences. **269. Joseph Ledoux’S Theory Of Emotional Appraisal**: Focuses On The Neural Mechanisms Of Emotion, Emphasizing The Role Of The Amygdala In The Processing Of Emotional Responses. **270. Hans Selye**: Known For His Research On Stress And The Development Of The Concept Of The General Adaptation Syndrome, Which Describes The Body'S Short-Term And Long-Term Reactions To Stress. **271. General Adaptation Syndrome**: A Three-Stage Process That Describes The Physiological Changes The Body Goes Through When Under Stress: Alarm, Resistance, And Exhaustion. **272. Lewin’S Motivational Conflict Theory**: Deals With Different Types Of Conflict Situations In Motivation: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance, And Double Approach-Avoidance. **273. Id, Ego, Superego**: Components Of Sigmund Freud'S Psychoanalytic Theory Of Personality. The Id Is The Instinctual, Ego The Realistic, And Superego The Moralistic Part Of The Psyche. **274. Karen Horney**: A Psychoanalyst Known For Her Theory Of Neurotic Needs And Her Criticism Of Freud'S Views On Women. **275. Alfred Adler’S Inferiority Complex**: A Concept Where An Individual'S Feelings Of Inadequacy Lead To Overcompensation, Influencing Their Personality Development. **276. Albert Bandura’S Social Learning Theory**: Emphasizes The Importance Of Observing, Modelling, And Imitating The Behaviors, Attitudes, And Emotional Reactions Of Others. **277. Paul Costa & Robert Mccrae’S Big Five Theory**: Identifies Five Broad Dimensions Of Personality Traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, And Neuroticism. **278. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator**: A Personality Test That Categorizes People Into 16 Different Types Based On Four Dichotomies. **279. Hans Eysenck’S Trait Theory**: Focuses On Three Dimensions Of Personality: Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, And Psychoticism. **280. Carl Jung**: Known For His Theories Of The Collective Unconscious And Archetypes, As Well As Introversion And Extraversion. **281. Collective Consciousness/Unconsciousness**: A Term Used By Carl Jung To Refer To Structures Of The Unconscious Mind Shared Among Beings Of The Same Species. **282. Archetypes**: Universal, Archaic Symbols And Images That Derive From The Collective Unconscious, As Described By Carl Jung. **283. Self-Actualization**: The Realization Or Fulfillment Of One'S Talents And Potentialities, Considered As A Drive Or Need Present In Everyone. **284. Humanistic Theories Of Personality**: Focus On The Importance Of Free Will And Individual Experience In The Development Of Personality. Prominent Theorists Include Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers. **285. Collectivist Vs. Individualist Cultures**: Differentiates Societies Based On Whether They Prioritize The Group (Collectivist) Or The Individual (Individualist). **286. Projective Tests (Rorschach Vs. Thematic Apperception Test)**: Psychological Tests That Use Ambiguous Stimuli, Such As Inkblots Or Pictures, To Elicit Responses That Are Believed To Reveal The Respondent'S Unconscious Desires And Conflicts. **287. Defense Mechanisms**: Psychological Strategies Brought Into Play By Individuals Or The Unconscious Mind To Manipulate, Deny, Or Distort Reality In Order To Defend Against Feelings Of Anxiety And Unacceptable Impulses And To Maintain One'S Self-Schema. ### Clinical Psychology **288. Apa’S Diagnostic Statistical Manual (Dsm-5)**: The Standard Classification Of Mental Disorders Used By Mental Health Professionals In The U.S. **289. World Health Organization’S International Classification Of Diseases (Icd-10)**: Provides A System Of Diagnostic Codes For Classifying Diseases, Including Mental And Behavioral Disorders. **290. Chinese Classification Of Mental Disorders (Ccmd-3)**: The Official Diagnostic System For Mental Disorders In China, Similar To The Dsm And Icd But With Some Differences Relevant To Chinese Culture. **291. The Rosenhan Study**: An Experiment Conducted By David Rosenhan In 1973, Which Found Significant Weaknesses In Psychiatric Diagnosis. **292. Diagnostic Labels**: Terms Applied To Individuals Who Meet Specific Criteria For A Particular Mental Disorder. **293. Etiology**: The Study Of The Causation Or Origination Of Something, Often Used In The Context Of Diseases To Describe What Causes Them. **294. Neurodevelopmental Disorders**: A Group Of Conditions With Onset In The Developmental Period, Typically Early In Development, That Produce Impairments Of Personal, Social, Academic, Or Occupational Functioning. **295. Neurocognitive Disorders**: Previously Known As Dementia, These Disorders Involve Impairments In Cognitive Function Due To Abnormalities In The Brain. **296. Alzheimer’S Disease**: A Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease Characterized By Memory Loss, Cognitive Impairment, And Behavioral Changes. **297. Schizophrenia Spectrum**: A Range Of Disorders That Involves Symptoms Like Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Thinking, Motor Dysfunction, And Negative Symptoms. **298. Dopamine Hypothesis**: Suggests That Abnormalities In The Dopamine Levels And Dopamine Receptors May Contribute To The Symptoms Of Schizophrenia. **299. Bipolar Disorder**: A Mental Disorder Marked By Extreme Mood Swings, Including Emotional Highs (Mania Or Hypomania) And Lows (Depression). **300. Major Depressive Disorder**: A Mental Health Disorder Characterized By Persistently Depressed Mood Or Loss Of Interest In Activities, Causing Significant Impairment In Daily Life. **301. Serotonin Hypothesis**: Suggests That Lower Than Normal Levels Of Serotonin, A Neurotransmitter, Might Contribute To Depression. **302. Generalized Anxiety Disorder**: Characterized By Excessive, Uncontrollable Worry About Everyday Issues. **303. Panic Disorder**: Involves Recurrent, Unexpected Panic Attacks And Worry About Having More Attacks. **304. Ptsd (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)**: A Disorder Characterized By Failure To Recover After Experiencing Or Witnessing A Terrifying Event. **305. Agoraphobia**: An Anxiety Disorder Characterized By An Intense Fear Of Places Or Situations From Which Escape Might Be Difficult. **306. Ocd (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)**: A Disorder Characterized By Unwanted, Recurring Thoughts And Behaviors That The Sufferer Feels Compelled To Repeat. **307. Dissociative Identity Disorder**: Formerly Known As Multiple Personality Disorder, This Is Characterized By The Presence Of Two Or More Distinct Personality States. **308. Somatization**: The Manifestation Of Psychological Distress By The Presentation Of Bodily Symptoms. **309. Aaron Beck**: Known For Developing Cognitive Therapy And His Work On The Cognitive Theory Of Depression. **310. Albert Ellis**: Developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Rebt), A Form Of Psychotherapy That Helps Individuals Identify Self-Defeating Thoughts And Feelings. **311. Rational-Emotive Therapy**: A Comprehensive, Active-Directive, Philosophically And Empirically Based Psychotherapy Which Focuses On Resolving Emotional And Behavioral Problems. **312. Psychoanalysis**: A Set Of Theories And Therapeutic Techniques Related To The Study Of The Unconscious Mind, Which Together Form A Method Of Treatment For Mental Disorders. **313. Free Association**: A Practice In Psychoanalytic Therapy Where The Patient Speaks Freely To Reveal The Unconscious Thoughts And Feelings. **314. Dream Analysis**: A Therapeutic Technique Best Known For Its Use In Psychoanalysis In Which Dream Content Is Examined As Symbolic Of Id Impulses And Intra-Psychic Conflicts. **315. Transference Vs. Countertransference**: Transference Is When A Patient Projects Feelings About Someone Else Onto The Therapist. Countertransference Is When A Therapist Projects Feelings Onto The Patient.

Kaarten: Agora Filosofie 4 Hfdst 3 Ben je vervangbaar | Quizlet

Kaarten: Agora Filosofie 4 Hfdst 3 Ben je vervangbaar | Quizlet

Unit 2: Ancient Mediterranean: 3500 BCE–300 CE

12/10 Athenian Agora - Doryphoros

religion - agora

Panic disorders, OCD, agoraphobia

Unit 2: Ancient Mediterranean, 3500 BCE–300 CE (copy)

Trastorno de Pánico y Agorafobia

Agorafobie

Unit 2: Ancient Mediterranean, 3500 BCE–300 CE