Here'S A Brief Definition For Each Concept Listed In Ap Psychology From Your Worksheet: ### Ap Psychology Concepts **263. Schachter & Singer’S Theory**: Proposes That Emotion Results From The Interaction Between Physiological Arousal And The Cognitive Interpretation Of That Arousal. **264. Suproxim Experiment**: This Does Not Seem To Be A Standard Term In Ap Psychology. Please Verify If The Term Is Correct. **265. James-Lange Theory Of Emotion**: Suggests That Emotions Occur As A Result Of Physiological Reactions To Events. According To This Theory, You Feel Sad Because You Cry, And You Feel Happy Because You Smile. **266. Cannon-Bard Theory Of Emotion**: Proposes That Emotional And Physiological Responses Occur Simultaneously Following A Stimulating Event. **267. Richard Lazarus’S Appraisal Theory**: Suggests That Emotions Are Determined By An Individual'S Cognitive Appraisal Of A Situation, Considering How The Situation Will Affect Their Personal Well-Being. **268. Facial Feedback Theory (Paul Ekman)**: Suggests That Facial Expressions Can Influence Emotional Experiences. **269. Joseph Ledoux’S Theory Of Emotional Appraisal**: Focuses On The Neural Mechanisms Of Emotion, Emphasizing The Role Of The Amygdala In The Processing Of Emotional Responses. **270. Hans Selye**: Known For His Research On Stress And The Development Of The Concept Of The General Adaptation Syndrome, Which Describes The Body'S Short-Term And Long-Term Reactions To Stress. **271. General Adaptation Syndrome**: A Three-Stage Process That Describes The Physiological Changes The Body Goes Through When Under Stress: Alarm, Resistance, And Exhaustion. **272. Lewin’S Motivational Conflict Theory**: Deals With Different Types Of Conflict Situations In Motivation: Approach-Approach, Approach-Avoidance, And Double Approach-Avoidance. **273. Id, Ego, Superego**: Components Of Sigmund Freud'S Psychoanalytic Theory Of Personality. The Id Is The Instinctual, Ego The Realistic, And Superego The Moralistic Part Of The Psyche. **274. Karen Horney**: A Psychoanalyst Known For Her Theory Of Neurotic Needs And Her Criticism Of Freud'S Views On Women. **275. Alfred Adler’S Inferiority Complex**: A Concept Where An Individual'S Feelings Of Inadequacy Lead To Overcompensation, Influencing Their Personality Development. **276. Albert Bandura’S Social Learning Theory**: Emphasizes The Importance Of Observing, Modelling, And Imitating The Behaviors, Attitudes, And Emotional Reactions Of Others. **277. Paul Costa & Robert Mccrae’S Big Five Theory**: Identifies Five Broad Dimensions Of Personality Traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, And Neuroticism. **278. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator**: A Personality Test That Categorizes People Into 16 Different Types Based On Four Dichotomies. **279. Hans Eysenck’S Trait Theory**: Focuses On Three Dimensions Of Personality: Extraversion-Introversion, Neuroticism-Stability, And Psychoticism. **280. Carl Jung**: Known For His Theories Of The Collective Unconscious And Archetypes, As Well As Introversion And Extraversion. **281. Collective Consciousness/Unconsciousness**: A Term Used By Carl Jung To Refer To Structures Of The Unconscious Mind Shared Among Beings Of The Same Species. **282. Archetypes**: Universal, Archaic Symbols And Images That Derive From The Collective Unconscious, As Described By Carl Jung. **283. Self-Actualization**: The Realization Or Fulfillment Of One'S Talents And Potentialities, Considered As A Drive Or Need Present In Everyone. **284. Humanistic Theories Of Personality**: Focus On The Importance Of Free Will And Individual Experience In The Development Of Personality. Prominent Theorists Include Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers. **285. Collectivist Vs. Individualist Cultures**: Differentiates Societies Based On Whether They Prioritize The Group (Collectivist) Or The Individual (Individualist). **286. Projective Tests (Rorschach Vs. Thematic Apperception Test)**: Psychological Tests That Use Ambiguous Stimuli, Such As Inkblots Or Pictures, To Elicit Responses That Are Believed To Reveal The Respondent'S Unconscious Desires And Conflicts. **287. Defense Mechanisms**: Psychological Strategies Brought Into Play By Individuals Or The Unconscious Mind To Manipulate, Deny, Or Distort Reality In Order To Defend Against Feelings Of Anxiety And Unacceptable Impulses And To Maintain One'S Self-Schema. ### Clinical Psychology **288. Apa’S Diagnostic Statistical Manual (Dsm-5)**: The Standard Classification Of Mental Disorders Used By Mental Health Professionals In The U.S. **289. World Health Organization’S International Classification Of Diseases (Icd-10)**: Provides A System Of Diagnostic Codes For Classifying Diseases, Including Mental And Behavioral Disorders. **290. Chinese Classification Of Mental Disorders (Ccmd-3)**: The Official Diagnostic System For Mental Disorders In China, Similar To The Dsm And Icd But With Some Differences Relevant To Chinese Culture. **291. The Rosenhan Study**: An Experiment Conducted By David Rosenhan In 1973, Which Found Significant Weaknesses In Psychiatric Diagnosis. **292. Diagnostic Labels**: Terms Applied To Individuals Who Meet Specific Criteria For A Particular Mental Disorder. **293. Etiology**: The Study Of The Causation Or Origination Of Something, Often Used In The Context Of Diseases To Describe What Causes Them. **294. Neurodevelopmental Disorders**: A Group Of Conditions With Onset In The Developmental Period, Typically Early In Development, That Produce Impairments Of Personal, Social, Academic, Or Occupational Functioning. **295. Neurocognitive Disorders**: Previously Known As Dementia, These Disorders Involve Impairments In Cognitive Function Due To Abnormalities In The Brain. **296. Alzheimer’S Disease**: A Progressive Neurodegenerative Disease Characterized By Memory Loss, Cognitive Impairment, And Behavioral Changes. **297. Schizophrenia Spectrum**: A Range Of Disorders That Involves Symptoms Like Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Thinking, Motor Dysfunction, And Negative Symptoms. **298. Dopamine Hypothesis**: Suggests That Abnormalities In The Dopamine Levels And Dopamine Receptors May Contribute To The Symptoms Of Schizophrenia. **299. Bipolar Disorder**: A Mental Disorder Marked By Extreme Mood Swings, Including Emotional Highs (Mania Or Hypomania) And Lows (Depression). **300. Major Depressive Disorder**: A Mental Health Disorder Characterized By Persistently Depressed Mood Or Loss Of Interest In Activities, Causing Significant Impairment In Daily Life. **301. Serotonin Hypothesis**: Suggests That Lower Than Normal Levels Of Serotonin, A Neurotransmitter, Might Contribute To Depression. **302. Generalized Anxiety Disorder**: Characterized By Excessive, Uncontrollable Worry About Everyday Issues. **303. Panic Disorder**: Involves Recurrent, Unexpected Panic Attacks And Worry About Having More Attacks. **304. Ptsd (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)**: A Disorder Characterized By Failure To Recover After Experiencing Or Witnessing A Terrifying Event. **305. Agoraphobia**: An Anxiety Disorder Characterized By An Intense Fear Of Places Or Situations From Which Escape Might Be Difficult. **306. Ocd (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder)**: A Disorder Characterized By Unwanted, Recurring Thoughts And Behaviors That The Sufferer Feels Compelled To Repeat. **307. Dissociative Identity Disorder**: Formerly Known As Multiple Personality Disorder, This Is Characterized By The Presence Of Two Or More Distinct Personality States. **308. Somatization**: The Manifestation Of Psychological Distress By The Presentation Of Bodily Symptoms. **309. Aaron Beck**: Known For Developing Cognitive Therapy And His Work On The Cognitive Theory Of Depression. **310. Albert Ellis**: Developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Rebt), A Form Of Psychotherapy That Helps Individuals Identify Self-Defeating Thoughts And Feelings. **311. Rational-Emotive Therapy**: A Comprehensive, Active-Directive, Philosophically And Empirically Based Psychotherapy Which Focuses On Resolving Emotional And Behavioral Problems. **312. Psychoanalysis**: A Set Of Theories And Therapeutic Techniques Related To The Study Of The Unconscious Mind, Which Together Form A Method Of Treatment For Mental Disorders. **313. Free Association**: A Practice In Psychoanalytic Therapy Where The Patient Speaks Freely To Reveal The Unconscious Thoughts And Feelings. **314. Dream Analysis**: A Therapeutic Technique Best Known For Its Use In Psychoanalysis In Which Dream Content Is Examined As Symbolic Of Id Impulses And Intra-Psychic Conflicts. **315. Transference Vs. Countertransference**: Transference Is When A Patient Projects Feelings About Someone Else Onto The Therapist. Countertransference Is When A Therapist Projects Feelings Onto The Patient.

Schachter & Singer’s Theory

Emotion results from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotions are a result of physiological reactions to stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Emotional and physiological responses occur simultaneously to a stimulus.

Richard Lazarus’s Appraisal Theory

Emotions stem from the cognitive appraisal of a situation.

Facial Feedback Theory (Paul Ekman)

Facial expressions can influence and regulate emotions.

Joseph LeDoux’s Theory of Emotional Appraisal

Focuses on the amygdala's role in emotional responses.

Hans Selye

Known for General Adaptation Syndrome and stress research.

General Adaptation Syndrome

Describes the body's physiological responses to stress.

Lewin’s Motivational Conflict Theory

Addresses conflicts that arise in motivation.

Id, Ego, Superego

Components of Freud's psychoanalytic theory representing different aspects of personality.

Karen Horney

Noted for neurotic needs and criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory.

Alfred Adler’s Inferiority Complex

Feelings of inadequacy leading to overcompensation in behavior.

Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

Focuses on learning through observation and imitation of behaviors.

Paul Costa & Robert McCrae’s Big Five Theory

Identifies five major personality traits.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A tool categorizing personality types based on preferences.

Hans Eysenck’s Trait Theory

Focuses on major dimensions of personality.

Carl Jung

Known for theories on collective unconscious, archetypes, introversion, and extraversion.

Collective Consciousness/Unconsciousness

Shared unconscious structures in society.

Archetypes

Universal symbols and themes from the collective unconscious.

Self-Actualization

The realization of one's talents and potential.

Humanistic Theories of Personality

Emphasize individual experiences and free will in shaping personality.

Collectivist vs

Differences in prioritizing group versus individual needs.

Projective Tests (Rorschach vs

Use ambiguous stimuli to assess psychological traits.

Defense Mechanisms

Strategies used to cope with anxiety and manipulate reality.