History - Elizabeth I

Who were the Marian exiles? (3)

Protestant, more Calvinist, opposed Catholic compromises

What the religion of the population?

Conservative and Catholic leaning

What was the religion of the clergy and the priests?

Strongly, urged resistance against Protestant

What was Elizabeth religion?

Protestant, some Catholic traditions but no transubstantiation

What was the aim of the Elizabethan settlement?

Religious conformity, tolerated by the majority of the population

What was the religious situation of 1558? (3)

Largely Catholic, no money, predominantly Catholic abroad

Who were Puritans?

Extreme Protestants, often Marian exiles

What was the affect of the failure to address doctrine in the settlement? (2)

Caused confusion and uncertainty, upset Protestants and Puritans

What was the result of the shortage of trained priests?

Unqualified clergy accepted with the church nearing a state of poverty

What was the threat following the settlement? (2)

The pope could excommunicate Elizabeth for being a heretic/illegitimate/female, fear of a Catholic crusade

What was Calvinism's position in 1558? (2)

Preferred doctrine of Marian exiles, not widely known in England

What was the doctrine of Calvinism? (3)

Sacraments of baptism and communion (possible spiritual presence), discipline, predestination.

What was conformism? (2)

Compromise over diaphoria so long as puritan beliefs were accepted, key beliefs of discipline and preaching.

What was presbyterianism? (3)

Elizabethan settlement fatally flawed, issues of hierarchy, wanted ministers and lay elders

What was separatism? (2)

Refused to accept authority other than God, created own churches and religious communities.

Who was Mary Queen of Scots? (2)

Elizabeth's Catholic cousin and heir to the throne.

When and what caused Mary to be imprisoned by Scottish Protestants?

Her scandalous love life in 1567

When did Mary escape to England, seeking Elizabeth's protection?

1568

What were 4 causes of the Northern Rebellion?

Catholics wanted Mary as Queen, could stabilise relationship with France and Spain, extension of Tudor power in the North weakened and poored Earls, 16p offered to the poor who supported the rebellion.

What happened in 1569 regarding the Northern Rebellion?

Marriage of Mary to Norfolk supported (peace with France and Spain) by Leicester, Pembroke, Arundel who wanted to force Cecil from power (confrontational against Catholics).

Who was enthusiastic about the marriage, despite Elizabeth disagreeing with the plans?

Westmorland, a Northern Catholic earl

What happened in September 1569 regarding the Northern rebellion? (3)

Leicester confessed to Elizabeth and was forgiven, Norfolk fled court without permission, Privy council secured Mary as suspecting an uprising

How did Norfolk Northumberland and Westmorland react?

Norfolk decided not to rise after one week returning to London and being put in the tower, Westmorland and Northumberland brought men for uprising but news reached the council.

What did Westmorland and Northumberland receive on the 9th November 1569 and how did they react?

Elizabeth's summoning via Sussex, only choice was to rise.

How was Sussex limited?

He could not gather men to deal with the rebellion.

What happened on the 14th November 1569 in regards to the Northern rebellion?

Westmorland and Northumberland marched to Durham cathedral, tearing down Protestantism and celebrating mass.

What happened on the 22nd November 1569 in regards to the Northern rebellion?

Northumberland reached Braham Moor near Mary's prison with 3,800 horsemen and 1,400 footmen

What happened on the 24th November 1569 in regards to the Northern rebellion?

Began to withdraw due to threat from Earl of Warwick with 10,000 men, Westmorland and Northumberland fled north but were deserted by men despite taking Barnard castle.

What happened in December 1569 in regards to the Northern rebellion?

Westmorland and Northumberland fled over the Scottish border.

Why did the Northern rebellion fail? (6)

No papal bull, Phillip didn't support Mary due to her French connections, no popular support to replace Elizabeth, earls turned due to enemy force, poorly planned, limited support, contained rebellion.

How was Mary Queen of Scots related to Elizabeth?

First cousins, once removed

What was Mary, Queen of Scots religion?

Catholic

Who was Dahmley, Mary Queen of Scots' husband? (3)

Alcoholic, mentally ill, murdered Mary's secretary

Who was suspected of murdering Dahmley after his house was blown up and he was found strangled?

Bothwell, who then married Mary

What were Elizabeth's options regarding Mary? (6)

Keep Mary with free rein, imprison Mary, execute Mary, send Mary to Scottish imprisonment, send Mary home with military support, send Mary abroad

What was the York conference and its outcome?

Conference with Scottish lords about Mary's involvement in the murder. No evidence but Mary's refusal to comment on casket letters resulted in imprisonment.

When and what was the Ridolfi Plot?

1571, aimed to kill Elizabeth and marry Mary to Norfolk as Queen.

Who was involved in the Ridolfi plot? (3)

Italian Banker Roberto di Ridolfi, Duke of Alba, Duke of Norfolk

What were the outcomes of the Ridolfi and Throckmorton plots?

Intercepted by Walsingham

When and what was the Throckmorton plot?

1583, aimed to kill Elizabeth, have France invade, and put Mary on the throne

Who was involved in the Throckmorton plot? (2)

English Catholic Throckmorton, French Duke of Guise

When and what was the Babington plot?

1586, aimed to kill Elizabeth and make Mary queen

Who was involved in the Babington plot? (4)

English recusant Sir Anthony Babington, Phillip II, Duke of Guise, Mary

What was the outcome of the Babington plot?

Intercepted with Mary agreeing to assassination, Mary executed 8th February 1587

Who were church papists?

Catholics that went to church

Who were the jesuits from 1580? (3)

Catholic missionary priests, tried to convert Protestants (whereas general missionary priests just supported Catholicism), created safe houses.

Who were two prominent missionary priests?

Edmund Campion, Robert Parsons

What was the purpose of the Elizabethan parliament?

Communication between crown and governing class

What were five features of parliament?

Power grew under early Tudors, used for extraordinary taxation and approving laws, sat once called by the crown, power grew under Elizabeth due to puritan action, no elections beyond local towns.

What was the privy council?

Chief admin and executive body which advised the crown on policy and ensured an orderly government.

How many members did Elizabeth's privy council have?

20

How often did the privy council meet?

Thrice a week at the start of the reign, daily from the 1590s.

Why did faction arise, being both advantageous and disadvantageous? (2)

Patronage, as advancement by recommendation of the more powerful

What were Cecil's disagreements with Dudley? (3)

Didn't want Dudley to marry E, more financially conscious, presented selected information to E to win her favour.

What were Dudley's disagreements with Cecil? (3)

Wanted to intervene in European war, allowed Dutch to convince E of his command in Holland, more influence over diplomacy and military.

How did E view the Dudley Cecil feud? (4)

Rivals over patronage, favoured both, personally loyal, could mishandle relationships.

Who were the Howards?

Catholics Norfolk and Sussex

What was the Dudley Howard disagreement? (3)

D accused S of misconduct, N accused D of murdering Amy Robsart, D and S threatened a duel.

How did E view the Dudly Howard feud?

Favoured Dudley causing public disagreement and religious tension, but settled by E.

Who was Walsingham?

Chief spy, reported to Cecil

What was the Walsingham Cecil feud?

W supported Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands

What was Elizabeth's view on the Walsingham Cecil feud? (3)

Sided with W in 1585, personally loyal, importance to efficiency of country called inconvenience

Why did parliament want E to marry?

To produce a male heir

What was advantageous about marring Dudley? (4)

Royal courtier, favoured by E, rumoured romance, English.

What was disadvantageous about marring Dudley? (4)

Poor reputation due to family of traitors, unpopular at court, rumoured murderer of wife, below E's class.

What failed about Elizabeth's suit to Dudley?

E did not want to disrupt court

What was advantageous about marring Phillip II? (3)

King of Spain, Catholic, Mary's widower

What was disadvantageous about marring Phillip II? (4)

Mary was unhappy, unpopular marriage, Catholic, Elizabeth wouldn't acknowledge papal dispensation.

Why did Elizabeth's suit to Phillip II fail?

Religious issues

What was advantageous about marring Archduke Charles and why did it fail? (3)

Habsburg, Catholic, viable until Mary's execution where E felt more secure

What was advantageous about marring Crown Prince Eric of Sweden and why did it fail? (3)

Protestant, brother of Duke of Finland, failed as Eric recalled duke on suspicion of courting.

Who was the first official female monarch?

Mary Tudor

Who suggested the unlikely marriage to Carles IX of France?

Throckmorton and Leicester

Why did the suit to Henry Duke of Anjou fail?

Religion

What was advantageous about marring Francis Duke of Alencon? (2)

23 years younger, not religiously committed.

What was disadvantageous about marring Francis Duke of Alencon? (2)

Unpopular in council, fear of death through childbirth

What was the domestic impact of marriage and succession? (3)

Parliament wanted an heir and named successor to avoid a disputed succession, but a named successor could be used in a plot against E, public disputed all French matches.

What was the foreign impact of marriage and succession? (2)

French Guise and Phillip II supported Mary's claim to the throne, Mary viewed as an unsuitable heir causing religious division.

What was the impact of marriage and succession? (3)

Small pox scare, conflict with parliament, factional conflict.

What is economics, finance, and social?

National, money of the monarch, social

What was the average family size?

4-5

What was the average life expectancy?

35, 60 if you reached adulthood

How many babies out of 1000 died in infancy?

134

How many births out of 100 were out of wedlock?

2.8

What was the average age of marriage?

26

What were the two main causes of premature death?

Bubonic and pneumonic plague

What three factors endangered lives?

Poor harvests, sweating sickness, influenza

Which areas were richest and poorest respectively?

South east and north west

What did wealth depend on?

Land ownership, so lawyers and merchants bought land with their profits

What percentage of families were the labouring pour?

50%

How much of poor expenditure was used to pay for food and drink?

80%

What were the rates of absolute poverty?

10% in towns, 20% in rural

What was a major issue for every day people?

Inflation

What were three positives of the socio economic situation?

Cloth trade, population, harvests

What was the social structure? (7)

Crown, peerage, gentry, yeomen, tenant farmers, cottagers, landless labourers

Who were the peerage? (2)

Wealthiest land lords, often in the house of lords

Who were the gentry?

Owned more land than they could farm themselves

Who were the yeomen? (2)

Owned own land, gentlemen farmers

Who were the tenant farmers?

Didn't own any land

Who were the cottagers?

Often did spinning to make ends meet