Studied by 1 personGlycolysis (0.8 < 0.95 -> need to make ATP so glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized to pyruvate/acetyl CoA for use in TCA cycle)
What happens to glucose-6-phosphate when the energy charge is 0.80?
Glycogen synthesis (0.97 > 0.95 -> have enough ATP so glucose must be stored as glycogen)
What happens to glucose-6-P when the energy charge is 0.97?
Glycogenolysis (0.8 < 0.95 -> Need ATP so glycogen is broken down into glucose to make pyruvate/acetyl CoA for TCA)
What happens to glycogen when the energy charge is 0.80?
UDP glucose is added to extend the glycogen chain (0.97 > 0.95 -> store energy in form of glycogen)
What happens to glycogen when the energy charge is 0.97?
Broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex into acetyl coA (0.8 < 0.95 -> need ATP so acetyl coA will enter TCA cycle)
What happens to pyruvate when the energy charge is 0.80?
Gluconeogenesis (0.97 > 0.95 -> have enough ATP so store pyruvate as glucose/glycogen)
What happens to pyruvate when the energy charge is 0.97?
Phosphoenolpyruvate via pyruvate kinase
Alanine via alanine: alpha-ketoglutarate amino transferase
What compounds (2) can pyruvate be derived from and through what enzyme?
Acetyl CoA via pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Oxaloacetate via pyruvate carboxylase
Lactate via lactate dehydrogenase
Acetaldehyde via pyruvate decarboxylase
What compounds (4) can be derived from pyruvate and through what enzymes?
(Acyl-CoA) dehydrogenase
The enzyme most similar to succinate dehydrogenase from the beta oxidation of fatty acids is...
(Enoyl-CoA) Hydratase
The enzyme most like fumarase from the beta oxidation of fatty acids is...
(Hydroxy-CoA) dehydrogenase
The enzyme most like malate dehydrogenase from the beta oxidation of fatty acids is...
Acyl Carrier Protein
ACP stands for...
A 3 carbon compound on ACP formed by carboxylation of
acetyl-ACP (or acetyl-CoA). It is the donor in fatty acid biosynthesis
What is malonyl CoA?
Exactly the reverse
How does the chemistry of fatty acid synthesis compare to that of beta oxidation?
HMG-CoA reductase
What enzyme is the key control point in cholesterol biosynthesis?
Phosphorylation
Protein degradation
mRNA degradation
List three ways that HMG-CoA reductase is regulated
COX 1
Aspirin inhibits this enzyme
COX 2
Vioxx inhibits this enzyme
Thromboxane
What hormone is produced by COX 1?
Prostacyclin
What hormone is produced by COX 2?
Promotes
Thromboxane (promotes/reduces) blood clotting
Reduces
Prostacylcin (promotes/reduces) blood clotting
Nitrogen
What atom do cells have to deal with when they break down amino acids that they did not have to deal with when breaking down carbohydrates?
Glutamate dehydrogenase
What enzyme removes the alpha amino group from glutamate?
Transferred onto an alpha-ketoglutarate to make glutamate by a specific aminotransferase enzyme
How are the alpha amino groups of amino acids other than glutamate removed?
Arginase
What enzyme removes two nitrogens from arginine as urea in the urea cycle?
Decarboxylation of glucose-6-phosphate in the pentose phosphate pathway
How are five carbon sugars generated?
Synthesize nucleotides for DNA/RNA synthesis
Why might growing cells need a lot of 5-carbon sugars?
Generate carbon backbones of different lengths
What problem do transketolases solve?
Complex I
What component of the ETC is most similar to Photosystem II?
Coenzyme Q
What component of the ETC is most similar to plastoquinone?
Complex III
What component of the ETC is most similar to cytochrome B6F?
Cytochrome C
What component of the ETC is most similar to plastocyanin?
Complex IV
What component of the ETC is most similar to Photosystem I?
None
What component of the ETC is most similar to ferrodoxin?
None
What component of the ETC is most similar to ferrodoxin/NADP+ reductase?
NADH and FADH2
What is the initial electron donor for the mitochondria?
H2O
What is the initial electron donor for the chloroplast?
O2
What is the terminal electron acceptor in the mitochondria?
NADP+
What is the terminal electron acceptor in the chloroplast?
ATP
What is the only product of cyclic photophosphorylation?
CO2, ATP, NADPH
What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle?
Glucose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-phosphate)
What is the product of the Calvin cycle?
Rubisco
What is the key enzyme of the Calvin Cycle?
Fixes carbon by adding CO2 to ribulose
What does Rubisco do?
Glucose, ketone bodies
What energy source(s) does the brain use?
Fatty acids
What energy source can the brain not utilize?
Acetyl CoA
What compound are ketone bodies made from?
Creatine kinase
What enzyme phosphorylates ADP using the high energy bond found in phosphocreatine?
Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase produce NADH
How does alcohol metabolism lead to excess NADH?
Hypoglycemia, diabetes, low blood pH, elevated VLDL, fatty liver disease, kidney damage, addiction
What problems can excess NADH cause in the body?
Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in cancer cells. Anaerobic metabolism produces less ATP than aerobic
What is the Warburg effect? Why is it surprising?
Gag
HIV gene that encodes the core, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins
Pol
HIV gene that enodes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
Env
HIV gene that encodes gp120 and gp41
Tat
HIV gene that encodes the transactivator of transcription
Rev
HIV gene that encodes the regulator of viral expression
CD4 and CCR5
What host molecules are required for fusion of HIV to the cell?
gp120 and gp41
What viral molecules are required for fusion of HIV to the cell?
gp120 changes conformation upon attachment which allows gp41 to unfold hydrophobic tails that insert into the host cell membrane. Once inserted, gp41 refolds, bringing the virus in contact with the host cell membrane
What conformational change takes place in gp120 and gp41 when HIV fuses with the host cell membrane?
Being error prone allows for genetic diversity which allows virus to evade immune response and repopulate patient
Why is the low fidelity of HIV reverse transcriptase an advantage for the virus?
Rev allows unspliced mRNA from the nucleus to be exported which serve as the genome for the next virus. Without it, there would be no genetic material in the new virus
Why is the rev protein essential for HIV replication?
Rapid replication, strong selection for resistance, gradual loss of immune competence, latent T cells allow virus to hide for decades
Four reasons why the HIV virus always wins
Virus mutates rapidly so antibodies aren't effective against new variety; immunogenic parts of surface proteins are not accesible to immune system
Why are HIV vaccines so hard to develop?
Glucagon
You just woke up after fasting for 18 hours: what hormone is controlling your
metabolism?
Glycogen, Gluconeogenesis
What is the source of blood glucose after fasting?
Gluconeogenesis
What pathway produces glucose from pyruvate?
Pyruvate carboxylase
What enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate using CO2 and ATP?
Insulin
You ate a big breakfast 2 hours ago: what hormone is controlling your metabolism?
Glycolysis, Krebs, e-
transport, oxidative phosphorylation
If your energy charge is 0.91, what pathways are active?
Glycogen synthesis
If your energy charge is 0.97, what pathways are active?
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
What enzyme produces UDP-glucose from glucose-1-phosphate?
Adrenaline
You overslept and are late for a quiz: what hormone is active in your body?
Glycogen breakdown
Beta oxidation
Glycogen synthesis
Name two pathways that are activated and one that is inactivated by adrenaline
Glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK)
Triacylglycerol lipase
Glycogen synthase
Name two enzymes that are activated and one that's inactivated by adrenaline
O2, NAD+
You missed the bus and sprinted 2 km to class: name 2 things you ran out of.
Glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
Electron transport chain
Oxidative phosphorylation
You chug 2 litres of Coke (with high fructose corn syrup). Your energy charge is 0.80. Name 4 pathways you use
Fatty acids produce acetyl CoA when degraded which consumes oxaloacetate and prevents ATP production because the TCA cycle is inhibited
You eat two sticks of butter after sprinting 2 miles. Your energy charge is 0.80.
Note
Flashcard