Anaerobic metabolism of glucose in cancer cells. Anaerobic metabolism produces less ATP than aerobic
What is the Warburg effect? Why is it surprising?
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Gag
HIV gene that encodes the core, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins
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Pol
HIV gene that enodes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
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Env
HIV gene that encodes gp120 and gp41
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Tat
HIV gene that encodes the transactivator of transcription
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Rev
HIV gene that encodes the regulator of viral expression
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CD4 and CCR5
What host molecules are required for fusion of HIV to the cell?
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gp120 and gp41
What viral molecules are required for fusion of HIV to the cell?
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gp120 changes conformation upon attachment which allows gp41 to unfold hydrophobic tails that insert into the host cell membrane. Once inserted, gp41 refolds, bringing the virus in contact with the host cell membrane
What conformational change takes place in gp120 and gp41 when HIV fuses with the host cell membrane?
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Being error prone allows for genetic diversity which allows virus to evade immune response and repopulate patient
Why is the low fidelity of HIV reverse transcriptase an advantage for the virus?
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Rev allows unspliced mRNA from the nucleus to be exported which serve as the genome for the next virus. Without it, there would be no genetic material in the new virus
Why is the rev protein essential for HIV replication?
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Rapid replication, strong selection for resistance, gradual loss of immune competence, latent T cells allow virus to hide for decades
Four reasons why the HIV virus always wins
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Virus mutates rapidly so antibodies aren't effective against new variety; immunogenic parts of surface proteins are not accesible to immune system
Why are HIV vaccines so hard to develop?
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Glucagon
You just woke up after fasting for 18 hours: what hormone is controlling your
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metabolism?
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Glycogen, Gluconeogenesis
What is the source of blood glucose after fasting?
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Gluconeogenesis
What pathway produces glucose from pyruvate?
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Pyruvate carboxylase
What enzyme converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate using CO2 and ATP?
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Insulin
You ate a big breakfast 2 hours ago: what hormone is controlling your metabolism?
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Glycolysis, Krebs, e-
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transport, oxidative phosphorylation
If your energy charge is 0.91, what pathways are active?
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Glycogen synthesis
If your energy charge is 0.97, what pathways are active?
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UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
What enzyme produces UDP-glucose from glucose-1-phosphate?
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Adrenaline
You overslept and are late for a quiz: what hormone is active in your body?
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1. Glycogen breakdown
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2. Beta oxidation
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1. Glycogen synthesis
Name two pathways that are activated and one that is inactivated by adrenaline
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1. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK)
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2. Triacylglycerol lipase
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1. Glycogen synthase
Name two enzymes that are activated and one that's inactivated by adrenaline
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O2, NAD+
You missed the bus and sprinted 2 km to class: name 2 things you ran out of.
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1. Glycolysis
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2. Kreb's cycle
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3. Electron transport chain
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4. Oxidative phosphorylation
You chug 2 litres of Coke (with high fructose corn syrup). Your energy charge is 0.80. Name 4 pathways you use
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Fatty acids produce acetyl CoA when degraded which consumes oxaloacetate and prevents ATP production because the TCA cycle is inhibited
You eat two sticks of butter after sprinting 2 miles. Your energy charge is 0.80.