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What is synonymous in popular consideration?
conscience and morality
What makes itself known after an action?
posterior conscience
What is activated by certain types of behavior and provides an unsophisticated evaluation of that behavior?
posterior conscience
What conscience feels "guilty?"
posterior conscience
According to contemporary theology, where do feelings of guilt come from?
our experience
According to contemporary theology, feelings of guilt are not what?
rational
According to Freud, enforced socialization is what?
the superego
According to Freud, the primitive self is what?
the id
According to Freud, the mediator between the id and the superego is what?
the ego
According to transactional analysis, we are conditioned by what?
our childhoods and by our culture
What are feelings of guilt independent of?
human freedom and human rationality
True or false: feelings of guilt may be helpful guides for human living.
true
Guilt feelings are defined morally as what?
morally netural
What type of guides are guilt feelings to moral judgment?
undependable guides
What is anterior conscience?
the action of conscience before an act
Which conscience is the focus of Catholic tradition and moral theology?
anterior conscience
True or false: there is no word for conscience in Hebrew.
true
What is the Greek word for conscience?
syneidesis
What is the Latin word for conscience?
conscientia ("with knowledge")
How is the idea of conscience represented in Hebrew Scripture?
by the use of the word for "heart," leb
Examples of conscience in Scripture:
"O, that today you hear his voice: harden not your hearts" (Psalm 95:7f)
"...you know in your heart" (Revelation 7:22)
What is the Book of Job all about?
fidelity to conscience
In Christian Scriptures, what connection is strengthened?
the connection between heart and conscience
In what Gospel especially is the connection between heart and conscience strengthened?
Matthew
Who said, "Blessed are the clean of heart, for they will see God" (Matthew 5:8)?
Jesus Christ
True or false: Luke's Sermon on the Plain contains a verse similar to Matthew 5:8
false
When is there greater development of the idea of conscience?
As Christianity comes to stress proper disposition
Who was the first Christian Theologian to develop the idea of conscience?
Paul
Describe Paul.
He was well educated and aware of Greek culture
Who was Paul writing to?
educated people
How did Paul describe conscience?
Paul uses the Greek word syneidesis and combines it with the Jewish understanding of "heart"
According to Paul, what does conscience do?
Conscience bears witness to and illuminates
According to Paul, how does conscience judge?
in an impartial and unbiased way
What are the qualities of conscience according to Paul?
It can be good or bad, it can function as an infallible guide to action, it can be weak or erroneous
What is present in the writings of Paul?
a depth of understanding of conscience
What depth is present in Paul's understanding of conscience?
Conscience is dependable and yet it is undependable, conscience is a person's heart yet it criticizes the heart, it is the person himself and is a subservient part of that person
Why is Paul's understanding of conscience inconsistent?
Paul's theology develops over time and he was writing to different communities with different issues
Who translated the Bible into Latin?
St. Jerome
What is St. Jerome's translation of the Bible called?
the Vulgate
This is defined as the habit of conscience.
syderesis
This is defined as the basic sense of responsibility of the human person
synderesis
In traditional moral theology, what three sections of conscience exist?
Synderesis, moral science, and syneidesis
True or false: the term synderesis has no theological basis.
true
The act of conscience
syneidesis
This is the judgment by which we evaluate an action
syneidesis
What is conscience/1?
a general sense of value, an awareness of personal responsibility, which is characteristic of the human person
What does it mean to be human?
to be in charge of one's life
The awareness of universals falls under which conscience?
conscience/1
What shows the existence of conscience/1?
the fact that we realize that there is a right and wrong
What is conscience/2?
the process by which an individual seeks concrete personal values
How does conscience/2 emerge?
in the processes of reflection, discussion, and analysis
Conscience/2 can be what?
erroneous or misinformed
What needs to be formed?
conscience/2
What conscience seeks the truth?
conscience/2
How does conscience/2 use the Church?
as a source of wisdom but not as the sole truth
What is conscience/3?
the event of concrete judgement of a specific person pertaining to his own immediate action
Which conscience is the final norm by which a person's action must be guided?
conscience/3
Which conscience is infallible?
conscience/3
Which conscience must we follow?
conscience/3
Conscience/1 asks:
What is right?
Conscience/2 asks:
What is right for me?
Conscience/3 asks:
What is right for me in this situation?
What does conscience/1 demand?
that we seek to do good and avoid evil
What does conscience/2 search for?
the truth
What does conscience/3 judge?
a situation in light of that truth
Which conscience follows the truth?
conscience/2
Which conscience is a person bound to follow?
conscience/3
Who said, "Everyone, of course, must ultimately follow his conscience; this means he must do right as he sees the right with desire and effort to find and do what is right."
Bernard Haring
Who strongly supported the rights of conscience?
Thomas Aquinas
Who has affirmed the rights of conscience?
the American Bishops and John Henry Newman
Who said, "The dictate of conscience...enjoys absolute certainty. For it dictates that the person acting ought to act according to the personal judgment which he has concerning the act...In a word, the judgment...is not only infallibly true but is also absolutely certain."
Joseph Fuchs (hehe)
True of false: the Church has a role to play in the formation of conscience/2
true
Who can provide the moral leadership that humans need?
The Church
True or false: the Church is guaranteed an insight into the formation of conscience/2
true
What has the Church been a force for?
the improvement of the human situation and for the protection of human dignity
What is the Church a part of?
the Kingdom of God
What is the Church blessed with?
the guidance of the Holy Spirit
True or false: there are no limits to the Church's role in moral reflection
false
what limits the Church's role in moral reflection?
the possibility of error, incompleteness, and inadequacy
True or false: the Church has never issued an infallible pronouncement on a moral issue
true
True or false: Papal infallibility has only been used once in the case of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception
false; it was for the Assumption
The possibility of incompleteness
failure to speak fully to a particular, individual situation
the possibility of inadequacy
what was once appropriate may become inadequate over time
The Catholic Church claims the right to do what?
teach in matters of faith and morals
What does faith deal with?
the unchanging reality of God
What does morality deal with?
the ever-changing reality of humans
True or false: Faith and morals are two different realities?
true
True or false: the wisdom of the Church is supremely important
false
True or false: there should be no litmus test of Catholic loyalty.
true
What would a litmus test of Catholic loyalty be contrary to?
the nature of the Church, the nature of humanity, and the nature of conscience itself
What must the Church as well as each one of us do?
search for the truth
Hebrew word for heart
leb
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, there is a universal sequence of what?
moral development
According to Kolberg's theory of moral development, each individual advances according to what?
the stages
What are Kohlberg's stages based upon?
why a decision is made rather than what the decision is
What is stage 1?
punishment-obedience orientation
What is stage 2?
personal reward orientation
What is stage 3?
good boy-nice girl orientation
What is stage 4?
law and order orientation
What is stage 5?
social contract orientation
Note
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