ch 21: pharmacology

studied byStudied by 0 People
0.0(0)
Get a hint
hint

drugs

1/143

Tags & Description

Studying Progress

New cards
143
Still learning
0
Almost done
0
Mastered
0
143 Terms
New cards

drugs

substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease that are obtained from various sources such as plants, animals, or synthesized in a lab

New cards
New cards

vitamins

come from plant or animal sources and are contained in foods

New cards
New cards

pharmacist

individual who is responsible for preparing and dispensing drugs; responsible for consulting with and advising licensed practitioners about drugs; answer questions from the patient about their prescription; pharmacy degree takes 6-7 years

New cards
New cards

pharmacy

where a pharmacist prepares and dispenses drugs

New cards
New cards

prescription

a written order from a physician that is the only way a pharmacist can dispense a prescription medication

New cards
New cards

pharmacy technician

can help licensed pharmacists by providing medications and other products to the patient

New cards
New cards

pharmacology

the study of the discovery, properties, uses, and actions of drugs; can be an MD or a PhD

New cards
New cards

chemotherapy

study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body; treatment of choice for infectious diseases and cancer

New cards
New cards

toxicology

study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body

New cards
New cards

toxicologist

interested in finding antidotes that are appropriate for specific harmful effects of drugs

New cards
New cards

antidote

neutralizes the effects of a drug

New cards
New cards

three types of names a drug can have

chemical name, generic name, brand name

New cards
New cards

chemical name

specifies the exact chemical formula of the drug; often very long and complicated

New cards
New cards

generic name

shorter and less complicated; identifies the drug legally and scientifically; cannot become public property until after 17 years and after that other drug companies can use the general name; only one generic name for each drug; not normal to be capitalized

New cards
New cards

brand name

trademark, private property of the individual drug manufacturer, no competitor may use it; has a superscript R with a circle around it to show it has been registered as a brand name; drugs can have several of these; normal to be capitalized

New cards
New cards

when a specific brand name is ordered by a physician on a prescription

must be dispensed by the pharmacist and the pharmacist cannot substitute something else for that brand name

New cards
New cards

food and drug administration

the entity in the US that has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be sold; have strict standards and look at all kinds of criteria in regards to the efficacy of drugs; involves extensive experimental testing in animals and people before it would be approved as a drug to be placed on the market to treat anything

New cards
New cards

united states pharmacopeia

independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers that reviews the available commercial drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness

New cards
New cards

three important standards for the united states pharmacopeia

drug must be safe; drug must be clinically useful (effective for patients); drugs must be available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods)

New cards
New cards

if a drug has USP after its name

means that it has met all of the standards of the pharmacopeia

New cards
New cards

hospital formulary

the most complete and up-to-date listing which gives information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care) as approved by that particular hospital

New cards
New cards

physicians' desk reference

published by a private form; drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed; useful reference with several different indices to identify drugs, along with complete description of the drug properties and approved indications; gives precautions, warnings about side effects, and information about the recommended dosage and administration of each drug

New cards
New cards

oral administration

most common, indicates that drugs are given by mouth and are slowly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach or intestinal wall; takes a long time to be absorbed into the blood stream because it has to go through the mouth, stomach, and then intestinal wall; has to go through the entire digestive system process before it is absorbed

New cards
New cards

sublingual administration

drugs are placed under the tongue and dissolve in the saliva; rapid absorption

New cards
New cards

nitroglycerin is administered

sublingual for immediate relief for angina

New cards
New cards

rectal administration

administering drugs through a suppository (cone shaped object containing drugs) or aqueous solution; given when oral administration presents, such as if patient is nauseated and vomiting

New cards
New cards

parenteral administration

process of injection of a drug using a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein, or body cavity

New cards
New cards

intracavitary instillation

injection made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity; where you would want the drug to effect change in that particular body cavity

New cards
New cards

intradermal injection

shallow injection that is made into the upper layers of the skin; used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions

New cards
New cards

subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (subQ)

a small hypodermic needle is introduced into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually on upper arm, thigh or abdomen; insulin is injected daily via this route

New cards
New cards

intramuscular injection

the buttocks or upper arm is the usually site for injection into muscle; used when drugs are irritating to the skin or when a large volume of solution must be administered

New cards
New cards

intrathecal instillation

when instillation occurs in the space under the meninges surrounding the spinal cord and brain; way to introduce treatment for leukemia

New cards
New cards

intravenous injection

when the injection is given directly into a vein; used when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be safely introduced into other tissues; requires some technical skill to make sure drug gets into the vein and doesn't leak into the surrounding tissues

New cards
New cards

pumps

battery powered; can be used for continuous administration of drugs by the subcutaneous or intravenous route; automated

New cards
New cards

inhalation

when vapors or gases are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through thin walls or air sacs in the lungs

New cards
New cards

aerosols

particles of drug suspended in the air and are administered by inhalation, many are anesthetics

New cards
New cards

topical application

when drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body; antiseptics, antipruritics, transdermal patches

New cards
New cards

antiseptic

topically applied drug used to fight infection

New cards
New cards

antipruritic

fight against itching and are commonly used as ointments, creams, and lotions that are applied to the skin

New cards
New cards

transdermal patches

used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin such as estrogen for hormone replacement therapy, pain medications, nicotine for smoking cessation programs

New cards
New cards

receptor

when a drug enters the body, target substance with which the drug interacts to produce its effects; may be on cell's surface or intracellular

New cards
New cards

dose

refers to the amount of a drug administered, usually measured in milligrams or grams

New cards
New cards

schedule

exact timing and frequency of drug administration

New cards
New cards

additive action

when we have two similar drugs that are combined to equal the sum of the effects of each

New cards
New cards

antagonist

if two drugs give less than an additive effect

New cards
New cards

synergistic

if two drugs give greater than additive effects

New cards
New cards

synergism

combination of two drugs sometimes can cause an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug given alone

New cards
New cards

response

desired and beneficial effect of a drug

New cards
New cards

tolerance

the effects of a given dose for some drugs diminish as the treatment continues, increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect

New cards
New cards

addiction

physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence of clearly unpleasant effects when that drug or other agents is withdrawn

New cards
New cards

controlled substances

drugs that produce dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction

New cards
New cards

idiosyncrasy

unpredictable type of drug toxicity; any unexpected and uncommon side effect that develops after administration of a drug

New cards
New cards

anaphylaxis

occurs as a result of exposure to previously encountered drug or foreign substance

New cards
New cards

iatrogenic

produced by treatment, so these disorders can occur as a result of mistakes in drug use or because of individual sensitivity to a given treatment

New cards
New cards

side effects

toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug; often occur with the usually therapeutic dosage of a drug and generally are tolerable and reversible when the drug is discontinued

New cards
New cards

contraindications

factors in a patient's condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised

New cards
New cards

resistance

lack of beneficial response; seen when drugs that used to be effective are unable to control the disease process in a particular patient

New cards
New cards

analgesics

drugs that lessen pain; painkiller; can be mild to moderate

New cards
New cards

anesthetics

reduce or eliminate sensation

New cards
New cards

general anesthetics

affect the entire body and put the patient to sleep and are used for surgical procedures to block the perception of pain

New cards
New cards

local anesthetics

may be limited to a particular region that inhibit the conduction of pain impulses in sensory nerves in the region which they are injected or applied

New cards
New cards

antibiotic

chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites

New cards
New cards

anticoagulants

precent clotting of blood; prevent formation of clots or break up clots in blood vessels in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism; heparin

New cards
New cards

anticonvulsants

drugs that prevent or reduce the frequency of convulsions in various types of seizure disorders or epilepsy

New cards
New cards

antidepressants

treat symptoms of depression; can elevate mood, increase physical activity and mental alertness, improve appetite and sleep patterns

New cards
New cards

anti-alzheimer drugs

treat symptoms of alzheimer disease; act by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding brain cells from glutamate

New cards
New cards

antidiabetics

used to treat diabetes mellitus

New cards
New cards

antihistamines

drugs that block the action of histamine, normally released in the body in allergic reactions

New cards
New cards

anti osteoporosis drugs

help prevent osteoporosis; calcium, vitamin D, estrogen prescribed to increase calcium deposition in bone

New cards
New cards

osteoporosis

disorder marked by abnormal loss of bone density

New cards
New cards

cardiovascular drugs

act on the heart or the blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias; would be used to treat any condition that effects the heart or the circulatory system

New cards
New cards

endocrine drugs

act in the same manner as the naturally occurring (endogenous) hormones

New cards
New cards

gastrointestinal drugs

used to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms, rather than as cures for specific diseases

New cards
New cards

respiratory drugs

prescribed for treatment of asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchospasm

New cards
New cards

sedative-hypnotics

medications that depress the central nervous system and promote drowsiness and sleep

New cards
New cards

stimulants

drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse

New cards
New cards

tranquillizer

useful for controlling anxiety; can be minor or major

New cards
New cards

aer/o

air

New cards
New cards

alges/o

sensitivity to pain

New cards
New cards

bronch/o

bronchial tube

New cards
New cards

chem/o

drug

New cards
New cards

cras/o

mixture

New cards
New cards

cutane/o

skin

New cards
New cards

derm/o

skin

New cards