Studied by 0 PeopleTags & Description
drugs
substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease that are obtained from various sources such as plants, animals, or synthesized in a lab
vitamins
come from plant or animal sources and are contained in foods
pharmacist
individual who is responsible for preparing and dispensing drugs; responsible for consulting with and advising licensed practitioners about drugs; answer questions from the patient about their prescription; pharmacy degree takes 6-7 years
pharmacy
where a pharmacist prepares and dispenses drugs
prescription
a written order from a physician that is the only way a pharmacist can dispense a prescription medication
pharmacy technician
can help licensed pharmacists by providing medications and other products to the patient
pharmacology
the study of the discovery, properties, uses, and actions of drugs; can be an MD or a PhD
chemotherapy
study of drugs that destroy microorganisms, parasites, or malignant cells within the body; treatment of choice for infectious diseases and cancer
toxicology
study of harmful effects of drugs and chemicals on the body
toxicologist
interested in finding antidotes that are appropriate for specific harmful effects of drugs
antidote
neutralizes the effects of a drug
three types of names a drug can have
chemical name, generic name, brand name
chemical name
specifies the exact chemical formula of the drug; often very long and complicated
generic name
shorter and less complicated; identifies the drug legally and scientifically; cannot become public property until after 17 years and after that other drug companies can use the general name; only one generic name for each drug; not normal to be capitalized
brand name
trademark, private property of the individual drug manufacturer, no competitor may use it; has a superscript R with a circle around it to show it has been registered as a brand name; drugs can have several of these; normal to be capitalized
when a specific brand name is ordered by a physician on a prescription
must be dispensed by the pharmacist and the pharmacist cannot substitute something else for that brand name
food and drug administration
the entity in the US that has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be sold; have strict standards and look at all kinds of criteria in regards to the efficacy of drugs; involves extensive experimental testing in animals and people before it would be approved as a drug to be placed on the market to treat anything
united states pharmacopeia
independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers that reviews the available commercial drugs and continually reappraises their effectiveness
three important standards for the united states pharmacopeia
drug must be safe; drug must be clinically useful (effective for patients); drugs must be available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods)
if a drug has USP after its name
means that it has met all of the standards of the pharmacopeia
hospital formulary
the most complete and up-to-date listing which gives information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care) as approved by that particular hospital
physicians' desk reference
published by a private form; drug manufacturers pay to have their products listed; useful reference with several different indices to identify drugs, along with complete description of the drug properties and approved indications; gives precautions, warnings about side effects, and information about the recommended dosage and administration of each drug
oral administration
most common, indicates that drugs are given by mouth and are slowly absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach or intestinal wall; takes a long time to be absorbed into the blood stream because it has to go through the mouth, stomach, and then intestinal wall; has to go through the entire digestive system process before it is absorbed
sublingual administration
drugs are placed under the tongue and dissolve in the saliva; rapid absorption
nitroglycerin is administered
sublingual for immediate relief for angina
rectal administration
administering drugs through a suppository (cone shaped object containing drugs) or aqueous solution; given when oral administration presents, such as if patient is nauseated and vomiting
parenteral administration
process of injection of a drug using a syringe through a hollow needle placed under the skin into a muscle, vein, or body cavity
intracavitary instillation
injection made into a body cavity, such as the peritoneal or pleural cavity; where you would want the drug to effect change in that particular body cavity
intradermal injection
shallow injection that is made into the upper layers of the skin; used chiefly in skin testing for allergic reactions
subcutaneous (hypodermic) injection (subQ)
a small hypodermic needle is introduced into the subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually on upper arm, thigh or abdomen; insulin is injected daily via this route
intramuscular injection
the buttocks or upper arm is the usually site for injection into muscle; used when drugs are irritating to the skin or when a large volume of solution must be administered
intrathecal instillation
when instillation occurs in the space under the meninges surrounding the spinal cord and brain; way to introduce treatment for leukemia
intravenous injection
when the injection is given directly into a vein; used when an immediate effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be safely introduced into other tissues; requires some technical skill to make sure drug gets into the vein and doesn't leak into the surrounding tissues
pumps
battery powered; can be used for continuous administration of drugs by the subcutaneous or intravenous route; automated
inhalation
when vapors or gases are taken into the nose or mouth and are absorbed into the bloodstream through thin walls or air sacs in the lungs
aerosols
particles of drug suspended in the air and are administered by inhalation, many are anesthetics
topical application
when drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body; antiseptics, antipruritics, transdermal patches
antiseptic
topically applied drug used to fight infection
antipruritic
fight against itching and are commonly used as ointments, creams, and lotions that are applied to the skin
transdermal patches
used to deliver drugs continuously through the skin such as estrogen for hormone replacement therapy, pain medications, nicotine for smoking cessation programs
receptor
when a drug enters the body, target substance with which the drug interacts to produce its effects; may be on cell's surface or intracellular
dose
refers to the amount of a drug administered, usually measured in milligrams or grams
schedule
exact timing and frequency of drug administration
additive action
when we have two similar drugs that are combined to equal the sum of the effects of each
antagonist
if two drugs give less than an additive effect
synergistic
if two drugs give greater than additive effects
synergism
combination of two drugs sometimes can cause an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug given alone
response
desired and beneficial effect of a drug
tolerance
the effects of a given dose for some drugs diminish as the treatment continues, increasing amounts are needed to produce the same effect
addiction
physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug and the presence of clearly unpleasant effects when that drug or other agents is withdrawn
controlled substances
drugs that produce dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction
idiosyncrasy
unpredictable type of drug toxicity; any unexpected and uncommon side effect that develops after administration of a drug
anaphylaxis
occurs as a result of exposure to previously encountered drug or foreign substance
iatrogenic
produced by treatment, so these disorders can occur as a result of mistakes in drug use or because of individual sensitivity to a given treatment
side effects
toxic effects that routinely result from the use of a drug; often occur with the usually therapeutic dosage of a drug and generally are tolerable and reversible when the drug is discontinued
contraindications
factors in a patient's condition that make the use of a drug dangerous and ill advised
resistance
lack of beneficial response; seen when drugs that used to be effective are unable to control the disease process in a particular patient
analgesics
drugs that lessen pain; painkiller; can be mild to moderate
anesthetics
reduce or eliminate sensation
general anesthetics
affect the entire body and put the patient to sleep and are used for surgical procedures to block the perception of pain
local anesthetics
may be limited to a particular region that inhibit the conduction of pain impulses in sensory nerves in the region which they are injected or applied
antibiotic
chemical substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills bacteria, fungi, or parasites
anticoagulants
precent clotting of blood; prevent formation of clots or break up clots in blood vessels in conditions such as thrombosis and embolism; heparin
anticonvulsants
drugs that prevent or reduce the frequency of convulsions in various types of seizure disorders or epilepsy
antidepressants
treat symptoms of depression; can elevate mood, increase physical activity and mental alertness, improve appetite and sleep patterns
anti-alzheimer drugs
treat symptoms of alzheimer disease; act by aiding brain neurotransmitters or shielding brain cells from glutamate
antidiabetics
used to treat diabetes mellitus
antihistamines
drugs that block the action of histamine, normally released in the body in allergic reactions
anti osteoporosis drugs
help prevent osteoporosis; calcium, vitamin D, estrogen prescribed to increase calcium deposition in bone
osteoporosis
disorder marked by abnormal loss of bone density
cardiovascular drugs
act on the heart or the blood vessels to treat hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias; would be used to treat any condition that effects the heart or the circulatory system
endocrine drugs
act in the same manner as the naturally occurring (endogenous) hormones
gastrointestinal drugs
used to relieve uncomfortable and potentially dangerous symptoms, rather than as cures for specific diseases
respiratory drugs
prescribed for treatment of asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchospasm
sedative-hypnotics
medications that depress the central nervous system and promote drowsiness and sleep
stimulants
drugs that act on the brain to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse
tranquillizer
useful for controlling anxiety; can be minor or major
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
chem/o
drug
cras/o
mixture
cutane/o
skin
derm/o
skin