US History Fall Final

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171 Terms
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Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

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Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

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Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

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Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

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Original 13 Colonies

Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia

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Colonial labor

indenturned servants and slaves

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French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

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Age of Enlightenment

the time period in the 1700s during which many Europeans began to break away from tradition and rethink political and social norms

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Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

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Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

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Quartering Act

an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists

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Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

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Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

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Thomas Paine and Common Sense

A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

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First and Second Continental Congress

brought together delegates from each of the thirteen colonies except Georgia; represents first time colonists actually met together; served as a model for forming the U.S. government.

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No taxation without representation

reflected the colonists' belief that they should not be taxed because they had no direct representatives in Parliament

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Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

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Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

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Loyalists vs. Patriots

Loyalists were loyal to England and the throne. After the war, some still lived in America, but others were driven out. Patriots were those who were for the United States. They were the ones who fought for freedom and were patriotic for America.

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First and Second Continental Congress

brought together delegates from each of the thirteen colonies except Georgia; represents first time colonists actually met together; served as a model for forming the U.S. government.

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Declration of Independence

the document written to declare the colonies free from British rule; insprired by John Locke

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War for Independence

1775-1783; also called "Revolutionary War"; war between Britian and the American colonies; American victory.

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Battle of Lexington

First battle of the Revolutionary War

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Battle of Concord

April 19, 1775 - The British leave Lexington and head to Concord to take the weapons and gunpowder from the colonists. The British were burning the town when the colonists began firing on soldiers. The British were chased out of town turning the road into a 20 mile battlefield. Colonists win this battle.

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Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

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Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

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Constitutional convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

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Great Compromise

agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation

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3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

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Whisky Rebellion (1794)

A group of farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay the federal excise tax on whiskey and attacked the revenue collectors. George Washington then federalized 15000 militia men and the rebellion peacefully collaspsed. This showed the ability of the government to deal with problems, in contrast to the Articles of Confederation and Shay's rebellion

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Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

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Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.

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Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

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Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

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Loose vs. Strict construction of the Constitution

-Jefferson and his Democratic Republicans were initially strict (Bank of US), but eventually became loose (Louisiana Purchase) -Loose interpretation means the belief in implied powers, while strict interpretation supports a literal and confined belief in what the Constitution says (or doesn't say); Hamilton vs Jefferson

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seperation of powers

dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

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Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

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Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

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War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

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Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

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Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

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Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

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Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

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Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

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Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

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Transcontinental railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

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Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

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American Exceptionalism

The idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."

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Indian Removal Act of 1830

authorization of the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands

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Texas War for Independence

the 1836 rebellion of Texans against Mexican rule that resulted in Texas becoming an independent nation

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Remember the Alamo

battle cry of revenge for texan independence from Mexico in 1836

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Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

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Gold Rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

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Abolotionist Movement

Movement to end slavery

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William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

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Fredrick Douglass (1817-1895)

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

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Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

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Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

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Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

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Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

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Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

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Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

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Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

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Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

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Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Site of a federal arsenal where a militant abolitionist attempted to start a slave rebellion

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John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

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Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

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Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

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Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

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Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

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Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

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Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

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Fall of Atlanta

Major turning point of the civil War when Sherman's Union Army victory insured the re-election of Abe Lincoln

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Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

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Assasination of Abraham Lincoln

After the victory of the Civil War and Lincolns re-election he was shot and killed by John Wilkes booth at a Theater

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Andrew Johnson

17th President

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Andrew Johnson impeachment

First president to be impeached

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reconstruction of the south

-by Radical Republicans (resented by Southerners) -states organized into military districts -transitioning blacks from slaves to citizens (Freedmen's Bureau) -over 1,000 schools built -most people were not given what was promised and were not ready to live as productive citizens -people taking advantage of the rebuilding (scalawags, carpetbaggers)

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13th Amendment

abolished slavery

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14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

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15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

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