BUSMHR 2000 exam 2

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141 Terms

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strategy
a planned set of actions that managers employ to make best use of the firm’s resources and core competencies to gain competitive advantage
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Stages of developing strategies
1 examine firm’s specific strengths and weaknesses

2 analyze particular opportunities and threats that confront the firm

3 managers decide
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What do managers decide in last step of strategy developing?
* Which customers to target
* What product lines to offer
* How best to deal with competitors
* How generally to configure and coordinate the firm’s activities around the world
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international strategy
strategy carried out in 2 or more countries
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What should firms strive for with Bartlett and Ghoshal approach?
* global-scale efficiency in its value-chain activities
* multinational flexibility to manage diverse country-level risks and opportunities
* learn from operating internationally and exploit that learning on a worldwide basis
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3 strategic objectives to become globally competitive
1 efficiency

2 flexibility

3 learning
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Efficiency
lowering the cost of the firm’s operations and activities on a global scale
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flexibility
firm organizes and adjusts operations to ensure that it can respond to specific customer needs in individual marketslea
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learning
firm must create the ability to learn from operating in international environments and exploit this learning through knowledge transfer, on a worldwide basis
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What new capabilities can firms gain from learning from various countries?
* new technical and managerial know-how
* new product ideas
* improved R&D
* partnering skills
* the ability to survive in unfamiliar environments
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What are the 5 key dimensions of successful international firms?

1. Strategy
2. Visionary Leadership
3. Organizational culture
4. Organizational processes


1. Organizational structure
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Visionary leadership
quality of senior management that provides inspirational guidance and motivation to personnel, leading the firm to a better futuremiss
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mission statement
expresses firms purpose for existence, guide for employees to set priorities and perform in ways that advance the goals of the firm
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vision statement
states what the company wants to be at a specific point in time in the future
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leaders vs managers
managers

* direct the firm’s day to day operations
* administer and control specific activities in the firm

leaders

* visionary and hold long-term perspective on the challenges and opportunities of firm
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What are the 4 traits that characterize a visionary leader?

1. international mind set and cosmopolitan values


1. an openness to and diversity across cultures
2. Willingness to commit to develop resources firm needs to achieve their international goals
3. have strategic vision of what the firm wants to be in the future and how it will get there
4. willingness to invest in human assets
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Organizational culture
pattern of shared values, behavior norms, systems, policies, and procedures that employees learn and adopt
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global organizational culture
an organizational environment that plays a key role in the development and execution of corporate global strategyOr
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Organizational processes
managerial routines, behaviors, and mechanisms that allow the firm to function as intended
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Examples of organizational processes
* mechanisms for collecting strategic information
* ensuring quality control in manufacturing
* maintaining efficient payment systems for international sales
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Globalizing mechanisms
common processes that provide substantial interconnectedness within the MNE network
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global teams
an internationally distributed group of employees charged with a specific problem-solving or best-practice mandate that affects company operations worldwide
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What do strategy global teams do?
identify or implement initiatives that enhance the long-term direction of the firm in its global industry
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What do operational global teams do?
focus on the efficient and effective operation of the business across the whole network
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What are the 5 Essential competencies needed for project success?

1. project planning
2. technical project management
3. team effectiveness
4. cross-cultural proficiency
5. stakeholder communication
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What does project planning help?
helps clarify the nature and duration of the project and what risks or other challenges must be managed
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Technical project management
practical and tactical dimensions of the team project

* client requirements, budgets, timelines, and team member responsibilities
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cross-culture proficiency
minimize misunderstandings within the multicultural team environment
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stakeholder communication
stakeholder - all individuals who affect pr are affected by the outcomes of the project
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multidomestic industry
an industry in which competition takes place on a country-by-country basis and adapts its offerings to suit the culture, laws, income level, and other specific characteristics of each country
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global industries
industries where competition takes place on a regional or worldwide basis and cater to more centralized, common needs and tastes of customers
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global integration
coordination of the firm’s value-chain activities across multiple countries to achieve worldwide efficiency, synergy, and cross-fertilization to take advantage of similarities between countries
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local responsiveness
managing the firm’s value-chain activities and addressing diverse opportunities and risks on a country-by-country basis

\
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What are the pressures of local responsiveness?
* leverage national endowments such as local talent
* cater to local customer needs
* accommodate differences in distribution channels
* respond to local competition
* adjust to cultural differences
* meet host government requirements and regulations
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What are the pressures for global integration?
* seek cost reduction through scale economies
* capitalize on converging consumer trends and universal needs
* provide uniform service to global consumers
* conduct global sourcing
* monitor and respond to global competitors


* take advantage of media
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Home replication strategy
firms views international business as separate from and secondary to its domestic business
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multidomestic strategy
the internationalizing firm develops subsidiaries or affiliates in each of the numerous foreign markets
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Advantages of multidomestic approach
* locally produced products can be better adapted to the local market
* minimal pressure on headquarters by dispersing management to each country
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Disadvantages of multidomestic approach
* each subsidiary manager develops a local plan that may differ from headquarters
* subsidiaries have little incentive to share knowledge with other manager’s
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transnational strategy
a coordinated approach to internationalization in which firm strives to be relatively responsive to local needs while retaining sufficient central control of operations to ensure efficiency and learning
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What should the firm do to implement transnational strategy?
* exploit scale economies
* organize production, marketing, and other value-chain activities
* optimize local responsiveness
* facilitate global learning and knowledge transfer
* coordinate global competitive moves
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Organizational structure
reporting relationships inside the firm or the “boxes and lines” that specify links between people, functions, and processes that allow the firm to carry out its operations
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centralized approach vs decentralized approach
centralized - gives headquarters considerable authority over the firm’s activities worldwide

decentralized - substantial autonomy and decision-making authority are delegated to the firm’s subsidiaries around the world
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What are the 5 types of organizational structures?

1. export department
2. international division
3. geographic area structure
4. product structure
5. functional structure
6. global matrix structure
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export department
a unit within the firm charged with managing the firm’s export operations
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international division
all international activities are centralized within one division in the firm, separate from domestic units \n
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geographic area structure
Management and control are decentralized to individual geographic regions, whose managers are responsible for operations within their region
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product structure
Management of international operations is organized by major product line
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functional structure
Management of international operations is organized by functional activity
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Global Matrix Structure
Blends product, geographic area, and functional structures to leverage the benefits of global strategy and local responsiveness
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What should managers consider when deciding entry strategy?
* *Goals* and *objectives* of the firm, such as desired profitability, market share, or competitive positioning.
* The degree of *control* the firm desires over the decisions, operations, and strategic assets involved in the venture.
* The specific financial, organizational, and technological *resources* and *capabilities* available to the firm (for example, capital, managers, technology).
* The degree of *risk* that management can tolerate in each proposed foreign venture relative to the firm’s goals.
* The *characteristics of the product or service* to be offered.
* *Conditions in the target country*, such as legal, cultural, and economic circumstances, and the nature of business infrastructure, such as distribution and transportation systems.
* The nature and extent of *competition* from existing rivals and from firms that may enter the market later.
* The availability and capabilities of *partners* in the market.
* The *value-adding activities* the firm is willing to perform itself in the market and what activities it will leave to partners.
* The long-term *strategic importance* of the market.
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control
ability to influence the decisions, operations, and strategic resources involved in the foreign venture
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low, moderate and high control
low - exporting, countertrade, and global sourcing

moderate - contractual relationships (licensing and franchising)

high - equity joint ventures and FDI
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currency
form of money and unit of exchange
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exchange rate
price of one currency expressed in terms of another
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currency risk
the potential harm from changes in the price of one currency relative to another
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What 3 facts do international managers keep in mind?

1. the prices the firm charges can be quoted in firm’s currency or currency of each foreign customer
2. because several months can pass between placement and order delivery fluctuations can cost or earn the firm money


1. firm and customers can use exchange rate at date of transaction or use specific one
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convertible currency
easily exchanged for other currencies
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nonconvertible currency
currency not acceptable for international transactions

* preserve supply of hard currencies
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capital flight
rapid sell-off by residents or foreigners of their holdings in a nation’s currency or other assets in response to confidence loss in country’s economy
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foreign exchange
all forms of money traded internationally including foreign currencies, bank deposits, check, and electronic transfers
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Currency rate example
If 1 euro = $1 today and next year 1.50 euro = $1, what happens?

* Europeans pay more for inputs from US and have increased exports to US because euro less expensive
* In US, fewer buyers from Europe because US products now cost more, fewer European tourists
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What are 4 main factors that influence supply and demand?

1. economic growth
2. inflation and interest rates
3. market psychology
4. government action
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economic growth
increase in value of goods and services an economy produces
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central bank
the monetary authority in each country that regulates money supply, issues currency, manages exchange rate
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inflation
increase in the price of goods and services and money buys less
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hyperinflation
persistent annual double digit and triple digit rates of price increases
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market psychology
unpredictable behavior of investors
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herding
tendency of investors to mimic others actions
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momentum trading
investors buy stocks whose prices have been rising and sell stock whose prices have been falling
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trade surplus
nations exports exceed its imports for a period of time, causing a net inflow of foreign exchange
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trade deficit
nation’s imports exceeds its exports for a period of time, causing a net outflow of foreign exchange
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balance of trade
difference between monetary value of a nations exports and its imports over a year
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devaluation
a government action to reduce the official value of its currency
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Bretton woods agreement
in 1944, it pegged the US dollar to an established value of gold at a rate of $35 per ounce
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International Monetary Fund ( IMF)
international agency that attempts to stabilize currencies by monitoring the foreign exchange systems of member countries and giving money to developing economies
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world bank
international agency that provides loans and technical assistance to low and middle-income countries to reduce poverty
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floating exchange rate system
currency values and exchange rates determined by supply and demand
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fixed exchange rate system
the value of a currency is set relative to the value of another (or to a basket of currencies) at a specific rate
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dirty float
currency determined by market forces,but central bank intervenes occasionally to maintain value within acceptable limits to a major reference currency
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International Monetary System
consists of the institutional frameworks, rules, and procedures that govern how nat'l currencies are exchanged w/ one another
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global financial system
consists of the collective financial institutions that facilitate and regulate flows of investment and capital funds worldwide
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stock exchange
facility for trading securities and other financial instruments
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commercial banks
lend money to finance business activity, exchange foreign currencies, and facilitate adjustments to national money supply
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types of banks
* investment banks underwrite stock and bond issues and advise on mergers
* merchant banks provide capital to firms in the form of shares instead of loans
* private banks manage assets of rich
* offshore banks located un jurisdictions with low taxation and regulation
* correspondent banks gets into contact with other banks
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monetary intervention
buying and selling of currencies to maintain exchange rate of country’s currency at acceptable level
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special drawing right
unit of account of reserve asset, a type of currency central banks use to supplement their existing reserves in transactions w/ the IMF
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currency crisis
results when value of currency depreciates sharply or when its central bank must expend subtantial reserves to defend value of currency
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banking crisis
when domestic and foreign investors lose confidence in a nation’s banking system that leads to widespread withdrawals of funds from banks

* Great depression 1930s
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foreign debt crisis
when a national government borrows an excessive amount of money from banks or from sale of government bonds
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The global debt crisis
Debt as percentage of GDP

* Most \~ Japan - Greece - Italy - U.S.
* Least \~ Russia - New Zealand
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Countries political risk
* High - Venezuela, Libya, Zimbabwe
* Low - Canada, Japan, Singapore
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political system
a set of formal institutions that constitute a government
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constituents
people and organizations that support political system and receive government resources
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legal system
a system for interpreting and enforcing laws; institutions and procedures that ensure order, resolve disputes, tax economic output, and provide protections for property
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Authoritarianism
* state regulates most public and private behavior
* control all economic and political matters and attitudes, values, and beliefs of citizenry
* china and soviet union (before 80s)
* Afghanistan, iran, North korea
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Socialism
capital and wealth should be vested in the state and used primarily as a means of production rather than for profit
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Democracy

1. private property rights
2. limited government

* Australia, Canada, US, Japan
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national governance
system of policies and processes by which nations are governed

* increase in quality of national governance, increase in economic prosperity, high living standards
* high - Canada, Ireland, Singapore
* low - North Korea, Pakistan, Venezuela
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command economies
* centrally planned economy
* state is dominant force in production and distribution of goods and services
* make resource alloations and owns major sectors of economy