AP world Quiz #4 The Mongol Moment and the Re-making of Eurasia

what kind of society were the Mongols?

Pastoral society

While Genghis Khan's sons each inherited portions of his vast empire, what happened to his daughters?

They were strategically married to politcally prominent men

Who did Chinggis rely on when creating followers?

Trusted friends rather than kinship

What happened to Temujin's family following the death of his father?

They became social outcasts without livestock, and were forced to abandon pastorlism.

What contributed to the defeat of China and the Islamic Middle East?

Good timing. China was divided and the Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East was shrunken to a fraction of its size

What allowed Temujin to slowly build alliances and a following?

Temujin had a courageous and magnetic personality that connected with others

Why were Mongol armies so powerful?

Very organized, disciplined, unified. Used horses as Calvary

What were some geological factors that stopped the spread of the Mongolian empire?

Typhoons on the way to Japan and the tropical jungles of Southeast Asia

What happened if a Mongol deserted battle?

They got the death penalty

What advantages did the Chinese have over the Mongol Empire?

They outnumbered mongols 100 to 1 and were technologically superior

What did Mongols demand of their conquered people besides military recruitment?

Do labor like build roads, bridges, carry supplies over long distances. Artisans, and craftsmen's skills were put to use.

What was the key to Mongol takeovers?

Their military organization and discipline being much better than their opponents

What were some effects of the great wealth gathered by trade routes within the Mongol empire?

Ordinary mongols could dress in linens and silks, they could own slaves, and had opportunities to improve their social position

What took place in Mongol capital, which is what?

Capital is Karakorum. Centralized bureaucracy took shape. As did the relay system used by messengers

How were merchants treated in Mongolia?

Very well. They often offered merchants 10% or more of the price being asked also let them use relay stations. This support for commerce was important because in China merchants are low status. In China & Persia merchants received tax breaks from Mongols

What Chinese technique did the mongols adopt that allowed them to penetrate major walled cities?

Siege warfare

How were Mongols changed by China?

Mongols used Chinese administration techniques, techniques of taxation, and postal system. Gave themselves a Chinese title(the Yuan) and moved capital to present day Beijing

Aside from killing, what did mongols do with their conquered people?

Forced them to serve as laborers and sent skilled people to different regions of the empire where their service was required

How were the Chinese treated under Mongol rule?

Badly, like slaves. Seized women, ordered arbitrary executions, demanded bribes for services. Mongols discriminated against Chinese, saved them the worst punishments.

What did genghis khan do to make towns submit to him before even invading?

He slaughtered and burned other towns and was extremely brutal

How did Mongols not accommodate every aspect of Chinese culture?

They ignored the Chinese examination system. Instead they used Muslims from Middle East as officials and used themselves for high positions.

What allowed the mongol leaders to know what was available to them and made possible the systematic taxation's of conquered people?

Elaborate census taking

How were the Mongols forced out of China?

Mongols ruled little over a century. By the mid 14th century, factionalism development among Mongols, prices rose rapidly, plague epidemics, and growing peasant rebellions forced Mongols out of China

In the Mongol empire, what provided rapid communication across the empire and fostered trade well by letting merchants rest?

Relay stations

Who/what replaced Mongol rule in China? What did they do to consolidate power?

Ming dynasty discouraged use of Mongol names, reestablished examination system, centralized govt. in hands of emperor, rebounded economy made Chinese expeditions to Indian Ocean(Zheng He).

What were some ways mongols fostered commerce in their empire?

They offered merchants 10% or more above their asking price and allowed free stays at relay stations. Mongols also provided loans for traders

State approved associations of merchants that allowed them to pool their resources together and limit losses in case a caravan failed were known as what?

Ortughs

How was Mongol rule in Persia?

Persian people thought Mongols were infidels. Mongol victory brought MASSIVE slaughter. Damaged agriculture and land. Demanded heavy taxes. Persian silk industry benefited from contact with Mongol-China.

How were Mongols transformed by Persia?

Mongols made extensive use of Persian bureaucracy. The Mongols became Muslims. Some court elites learned Persian. Some Mongols turned to farming.

What event in China lead scholars to believe the mongols had been granted the Mandate of Heaven?

The unification of northern and southern China

How did Mongol rule in Persia diminish?

Mongols were not driven out of Persia like with China. Mongols and Turkic allies disappeared and assimilated into Persian society.

What features of government did the mongols adopt from the Chinese?

Postal systems, administrative practices, and techniques of taxation

What did Mongols do about Russian culture?

Remained culturally separate from Christian Russia. Eventually Mongols assimilated to culture & Islamic faith of Kipchak people(Turkic speakers north of Black & Caspian seas, where the Mongols settled to keep eye on Russia). In process Mongols lost their identity & became Kipchaks.

What did khubilai khan do during the yuan dynasty in China?

Evokes values of the Confucian inspired Chinese emperor, improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, patronized scholars and artists, limited the death penalty, supported peasant agriculture, and prohibited mongols from grazing their animals on peasants farmland

What happened under Mongol rule in Russia?

They exploited the Russians. Russians were required to send tribute and pay heavy taxes to Mongols. Thousands of Russians were sent into slavery. However the Russian Orthodox Church flourished under Mongol religious toleration.

What were some examples of Mongol religious tolerance in China?

Mongols

- made use of Confucian rituals

- supported the building of daoist temples

- khans were attracted to Tibetan Buddhism

How did Mongol rule decline in Russia?

Mongols rule declined because of divisions amongst Mongols, plague, & growing strength of Russian state.

What is some evidence that the Mongols were not very accepting of the Chinese?

Marco Polo accounted that they demanded bribes for service, ordered arbitrary executions, and seized women at will

How did Mongol Empire support cross cultural interactions?

Promoted international commerce do they could tax it. Provided financial backing for caravans. Provided secure environment for merchants to travel from China to Europe. Gave tax breaks to merchants & paid more than asked.

What is some evidence that mongols didn't assimilate into Chinese culture?

- ignored civil service exams

- relies on Muslims to be officials

- mongols preferred to live in traditional tents

- mongols didn't learn chinese

- Mongols honored and respected merchants

What factors forced the mongols out of China?

Intense factionalism, rising prices, furious epidemics of the plague, and peasant rebellions

What are examples of Mongol religious toleration?

Capital(Karakorum) was cosmopolitan. There were places of worship for Buddhists, Daoists, Muslims, & Christians.

What were consequences of the Black Death?

Whole civilizations and there populations were destroyed. Labor shortages occurred which made sharp conflict between workers. Workers sought higher wages and better conditions while the rich resisted demands.

What happened in the Ming Dynasty?

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China. They tried to eliminate all signs of foreign rule and discouraged mongol names while promoting Confucianism.

What was the European advantage from cross-cultural interactions?

Europeans gained most from new products/technology/good because hey were cut off from flourishing Asian trade. They reaped benefits of new technology, crops, & knowledge without the consequences of Mongol conquest.

What were some events during the Ming dynasty?

- civil service exams reestablished

- government became centralized

- the emperor had a cadre if eunuchs loyal to him

- restores areas of cultivation by planting trees

- economy and domestic trade flourished

What were some things Khubilai Khan did?

He improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, patronized scholars & artists, limited death penalty and torture, supported peasant agriculture, & prohibited Mongols from grazing their animals on peasants' farmland.

How was Mongol rule in Persia different from that in China?

1.Heavy taxation pushed Persian peasants off their land

2.The Mongol rulers in Persia were transformed far more than their counterparts in China were, as the Mongols made extensive use of the sophisticated Persian bureaucracy.

3.Unlike what occurred in China, the Mongols who conquered Persia converted in large numbers to the local Muslim faith.

4.A number of Mongols turned to farming and married local people, so when their rule in Persia collapsed, they were not driven out as they were from China.

What happened during the collapse of the Il- khanate?

A period of disorder occurred and the Safavid empire emerged

Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

United Slavic provinces into one Russian state, Mongols didn't live there, collected tribute from Russian cities and manors, controlled until Moscow princes took over in 15th c.

How was the Mongolian empire in Russia different from Persia and China?

Mongols didn't inhabit Russia and they viewed the land as useless. There were no garrisoned cities, no permanently settled administrators and no mongol settlers

How did the mongols effect Russian princes and their societies?

They adopted

- Mongolian weapons

- mongol diplomatic rituals

- mongol court practices

- mongol taxation systems

- Mongol military drafts

What did mongols provide for merchants?

Tax breaks, financial banking, and protection

How did the Mongolian empires trade routes help Europe?

Europe had been cut off from trade for a long time, and the Mongolian routes allowed them to finally have access to a variety of new, chinese technologies

Black Plague/Bubonic Plague in europe

1347-1351; caused the death of 1/3 to ½ of the population of Europe; spread by infected fleas and along trade routes.

Resulted in a labor shortage, the elimination of serfdom, and a decrease in the prestige of the Roman Catholic Church