PMTP - Clinical Laboratory

Clinical Laboratory

Main task is to provide accurate and reliable information to medical doctors for the alagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and management ot diseases

Clinical Laboratory

• The place where specimens (e.g., blood and other body fluids, tissues, feces, hair, nails) collected from individuals are processed, analyzed, preserved, and properly disposed.

• Varies according to size, function, and the complexity of tests performed.

Clinical Pathology

Focuses on the areas of clinical chemistry, immunohematology and blood banking, medical microbiology, immunology and serology, hematology, parasitology, clinical microscopy, toxicology, therapeutic drug monitoring, endocrinology, among others.

Clinical Pathology

It is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases performed through laboratory testing of blood and other body fluids

Anatomic Pathology

focuses on the areas of histopathology, immunohistopathology, cytology, autopsy, and forensic pathology among others.

Anatomic Pathology

It is concerned with the diagnosis of diseases through microscopic examination of tissues and organs

Institution-based Laboratory

any laboratory that operates within the premises or part of an institution. (med clinic, hospital, school clinic, other hospital based clinical laboratories)

Institutional-based Laboratory

Hospital, school, medical clinic, medical facility for overseas workers and sea farers, birthing home, psychiatric facility, drug rehabilitation center, and others

Free-standing Laboratory

Institutional characteristic of a clinical laboratory that are not part of any establishment or institution

Free-standing Laboratory

Institutional characteristic of a clinical laboratory that will only cater out patients only

Government-owned Clinical Laboratories

Type of ownership that is under local government unit and department of health

Privately-owned Clinical Laboratories

Type of ownership that has their own corporation, institution, association or organization

their liscensed are also approved by department of health

Government-owned Clinical Laboratories

owned, wholly or partially by national or LGU

Privately-owned Clinical Laboratories

owned, established, and operated by an individual, corporation, institution, association or organization

Primary Category

Service capability that is licensed to perform basic, routine laboratory testing: urinalysis, stool examination, CBC, blood-typing (if hospital-based)

Secondary Category

Service capability that is licensed to perform laboratory tests being done by the primary category + Routine clinical chemistry tests

++ Gram stain, KOH mount, and crossmatching (if hospital-based)

Tertiary Category

allowed to perform primary and secondary ++

(1) immunology & serology,

(2) microbiology, bacteriology, mycology,

(3) special clinical chemistry (thyroid function test, urine creatinine)

(4) special hematology

(5) immunohematology and blood banking

Secondary Category

Required size is 20 sqm

Tertiary Category

Required size is 60 sqm

Primary Category

Required size is 10 sqm

Secondary Category

Type of category that uses: Microscope, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge, semi-automated chemestry analyzers, autoclave, incubator, oven

Primary Category

Type of category that uses: Microscope, centrifuge, hematocrit centrifuge

Tertiary Category

Type of category that uses: Equipment seen in secondary laboratory + automated chemistry anallyzer, biosafety cabinet class II, serofuge.

National Reference Laboratory

Service Capability:

Laboratory in a government hospital designated by the DOH to provide special diagnostic functions and services for certain diseases

National Reference Laboratory

Service Capability:

+Referral services, provision of confirmatory testing, assistance for research activities

+Implementation of External Quality Assurance Programs (EQAP)

Hematology

Is the stufy of blood and blood disorders

Hematology

• this section includes blood and bone marrow cells

• can help fiagnlse anemia, infection, hemophilia, blood clotting disorders, and leukemia

Hematologist

generally focused on ditect patient care and diagnosing and managing hematologic disease, especially cancers

Hematologist

usually board-certified in both anatomical and clinical pathology

Hematopathogy

is not only the study of disease of the blood and bone marrow but it is also the study of organs and tissues that use blood cells to perform their physiologic functions

CBC

Test to aid in diagnosing anemia, certain cancers of the bloof, inflammatory diseases, and to monitor blood loss and infection

CBC

This test also includes: WBC, RBC, Platelet count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin Conce.

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-carrying protein in RBC

Platelet Count

To diagnose and/or to monitor certain types of bleeding and clotting disorders

Prothrombin Time (PT), Partial Thromboplastin Time (PPT), International Normalized Ratio (INR)

These tests also includes: WBC, RBC, Platelet count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin Conce.

Bone Marrow biopsy

• not a common test, but is a common test got hematologies

• involves taking cells from the bone marrow for analydid got many types of disease

EDTA blood sample

blood sample for CBC, manual counts, differential, platelet

Sodium Citrate

For coagulation studies (plasma only)

Clinical Microscopy

performs routine and special tests on patients’ urine and fecal samples

Clinical Microscopy

These samples are chemically analyzed and examined at the microscopic level

Urine Sample

process imeediately: within 2 hrs of collection, mixed by swirling

Stool sample

Process immediately witthin 2 hrs of collrction (stored in refrigerator)

Blood fluids sample

process immediately in room tem (storage varies)

Semen sample

allowed to liquify for 30 mins to 1 hr

Clinical Chemistry

is a quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of biologically important substances (called analytes) in body fluids

Clinical Chemistry

The methods to measure these substances are carefully designed to provide accurate assessments of their concentration

• Glucose

• Protein

• Kidney Function Test

• Endocrine Function Test

• Trace Elements

• Tumor Markers

• Enzymes

Common tests for clinical chemistry

• serum at room temp

• red top or serum separator tube (yellow)

• separate serum from rbc if processing will be delayed

Clinical Chemistry samples are

Microbiology Section

Cultures samples to determine if pathogenic organisms are present in a specimen determines the organism’s sensitivity to antibiotics

Mocrobilogy section

this section is for patients with symptoms of infection

Immunology and Serology

Studies antigens and antibodies to determine immunity to disease or presence of disease

Immunology and Serology

antibody serology tests check for the presence or level of specific antibodies in the blood

Antibodies

are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances

• HIV test

• Hepatitis profile

• RPR (syphilis)

• Rubella

tests for immunoserology

Blood Bank

Determined compatibility of blood and blood products that are to be administered to patients

• compatibility tedting

• antibody panel

• ABO

• Rh determination

Tests for Blood Bank

Histopathology Section

is the diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues, and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope

Histopathologists

are responsible for making tissue diagnosed and helping clinicians manage a patient’s care

• Tissue processing

• Autopsy

• Biopsy

tests for histopathology