BiO181 Exam 2

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What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

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What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

Nitrogen

Single or double carbon ring

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The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.

peptide

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What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?

Side chain (R group)

Amino group

Carboxyl group

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Which of the following statements is true about adenine and guanine?

They consist of two fused rings of C and N atoms.

They are purine bases.

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Which are pyrimidine bases found in DNA?

Thymine

Cytosine

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RNA molecules contain what type of sugar?

ribose

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What base pairs are found in DNA?

Adenine-thymine

Cytosine-guanine

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What does RNA contain?

Uracil

Ribose

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

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4 Bases in RNA?

Uracil

Cytosine

Guanine

Adenine

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The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure

primary

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Carboxyl group

What part of the amino acid is circled?

<p>What part of the amino acid is circled?</p>
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What are the 4 bases of DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

Phosphate group, Sugar, Base

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What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix?

Hydrogen Bond

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In a DNA double helix, adenine on one strand is paired to ______ on the other strand via ______ hydrogen bonds.

thymine ; two

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For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria:

information, replication, variation, transmission

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RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains the base ___, and does not contain the base ___

uracil, thymine

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A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.

P, OH

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Which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds?

Cysteine

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The terminator is a site in the DNA where the ___ of a gene ends

transcription

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What are the stages of transcription?

initiation, elongation, termination

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ranscription begins at a site in DNA called the

promoter

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What is synthesized during the elongation stage of transcription

RNA

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How is the 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

a cap is added to it

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How is the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A poly A tail is added to it

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introns

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

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exons

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

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what is the spliceosome complex's function and what does it include?

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by removing of introns and connecting exons

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Chargaff's Rule

A=T and C=G

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antiparallel configuration

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

Connected with hydrogen bonds

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Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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Purines

Adenine and Guanine

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polymerization

putting a polymer together using a dehydration reaction

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Sugar used in RNA

ribose

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Sugar used in DNA

deoxyribose

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What is the difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

DNA stores and transfers genetic information, RNA codes

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what bond connects one nucelotide to the next

phosphodiester bonds

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non-polar amino acids

hydrophobic

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polar amino acids

hydrophilic

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charged animo acids

hydrophilic

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What defines the function of a protein

structure

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What is a denatured protein

a protein that has lost its shape and function by being unfolded

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N-terminus

amino end

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C-terminus

carboxyl end

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what is a peptide bond?

covalent bond between the carboxyl group and amino group

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primary structure

peptide bonds

specific order of amino acids- unique to every protein

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secondary structure

Hydrogen bonds form spirals ((a helix) or pleats (beta)

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Tertiary Structure

additional folding of the polypeptide forms a 3D structure

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What are the 5 types of interactions in a tertiary structure?

Disulfide bonds (covalent bond)

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Non-polar interactions

Vander Waals interactions

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disulfide bond in tertiary structure

covalent bond between 2 cysteine amino acids

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ionic bond in a tertiary structure

between charged R-Groups

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hydrogen bonds in tertiary structure

between polar R-groups

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non-polar interactions in a tertiary structure

hydrophobic affect between non-polar R-Groups

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Van der Waals interactions

weak attractions between atoms close to each other

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quartenary structure

interactions of R-groups of two or more polypeptides

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how does a protein become denatured

high head

low pH

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what are polymers of nucleotides

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

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what does DNA include?

nucleotides, strand, double helix, chromosome, genome

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what are nucelotides held by

covalent bonds

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what are strands held together by

phosphodiester bonds

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what is a double helix held together by?

hydrogen bonds

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what is a hairpin

sections of the RNA sequence that are complementary to each other

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gene expression

explain how a gene becomes a protein

genes are turned off whenever/wherever

include transcription and translation

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central dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

gene sequence of DNA that makes instructions to make a protein

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transcription

DNA --> mRNA

(make a copy)

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translation

mRNA --> protein

(new language)

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where does translation and transcription happen in prokaryotic cells?

cytoplasm

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where does translation and transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?

transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm

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what are the 2 exceptions to the central dogma?

when a functional RNA is synthesized

retroviruses- RNA viruses (HIV)

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how does reverse transcription work?

uses RNA transcriptase to reverse-transcribe RNA genomes into DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome and replicated along with it.

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what is a gene?

segment (sequence) of DNA that encodes for one protein

example: chromosomes cookbook, genes recipes

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what is the coding strand?

strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand

(non-template)

Carries information to make proteins

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what is the non-coding strand?

template strand

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promoter

sequence in gene that marks the location on the template strand

starts transcription

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What is the "+1" site of a gene?

first nucleotide that is transcribed

direction of transcription

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upstream

lies towards the 5' end of the DNA coding strand, 5' side

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downstream

is in the direction of transcription, moving toward the 3' side

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Consider a fragment of DNA that has a total of 10 base pairs. Four of these contain Adenine and six contain Guanine. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in this fragment between purine/pyrimidine pairs?

2*4 =8

3*6 =18

18+8=26

26 hydrogen bonds

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If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?

30%

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You isolate a nucleic acid from a cell. How can you determine whether you have isolated RNA or DNA?

Look at the nitrogenous bases of the molecule (thymine or uracil)

Look at the sugars of the molecule (DNA will have deoxyribose, RNA will have ribose)

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transcription

the process in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA

(Creating rna from the dna)

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translation

the process of using the information in the RNA to synthesize polypeptides

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Translation begins when mRNA becomes associated with a

ribosome

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What is the purpose of the genetic code?

It specifies the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides and a sequence of amino acids

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