BiO181 Exam 2

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118 Terms

1
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What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

Nitrogen

Single or double carbon ring

2
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The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.

peptide

3
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What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?

Side chain (R group)

Amino group

Carboxyl group

4
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Which of the following statements is true about adenine and guanine?

They consist of two fused rings of C and N atoms.

They are purine bases.

5
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Which are pyrimidine bases found in DNA?

Thymine

Cytosine

6
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RNA molecules contain what type of sugar?

ribose

7
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What base pairs are found in DNA?

Adenine-thymine

Cytosine-guanine

8
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What does RNA contain?

Uracil

Ribose

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

9
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4 Bases in RNA?

Uracil

Cytosine

Guanine

Adenine

10
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The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure

primary

11
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Carboxyl group

What part of the amino acid is circled?

<p>What part of the amino acid is circled?</p>
12
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What are the 4 bases of DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

13
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What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

Phosphate group, Sugar, Base

14
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What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix?

Hydrogen Bond

15
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In a DNA double helix, adenine on one strand is paired to ______ on the other strand via ______ hydrogen bonds.

thymine ; two

16
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For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria:

information, replication, variation, transmission

17
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RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains the base ___, and does not contain the base ___

uracil, thymine

18
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A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.

P, OH

19
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Which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds?

Cysteine

20
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The terminator is a site in the DNA where the ___ of a gene ends

transcription

21
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What are the stages of transcription?

initiation, elongation, termination

22
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ranscription begins at a site in DNA called the

promoter

23
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What is synthesized during the elongation stage of transcription

RNA

24
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How is the 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

a cap is added to it

25
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How is the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A poly A tail is added to it

26
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introns

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

27
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exons

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

28
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what is the spliceosome complex's function and what does it include?

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by removing of introns and connecting exons

29
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Chargaff's Rule

A=T and C=G

30
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antiparallel configuration

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

Connected with hydrogen bonds

31
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Pyrimidines

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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Purines

Adenine and Guanine

33
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polymerization

putting a polymer together using a dehydration reaction

34
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Sugar used in RNA

ribose

35
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Sugar used in DNA

deoxyribose

36
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded

DNA stores and transfers genetic information, RNA codes

37
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what bond connects one nucelotide to the next

phosphodiester bonds

38
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non-polar amino acids

hydrophobic

39
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polar amino acids

hydrophilic

40
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charged animo acids

hydrophilic

41
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What defines the function of a protein

structure

42
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What is a denatured protein

a protein that has lost its shape and function by being unfolded

43
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N-terminus

amino end

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C-terminus

carboxyl end

45
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what is a peptide bond?

covalent bond between the carboxyl group and amino group

46
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primary structure

peptide bonds

specific order of amino acids- unique to every protein

47
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secondary structure

Hydrogen bonds form spirals ((a helix) or pleats (beta)

48
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Tertiary Structure

additional folding of the polypeptide forms a 3D structure

49
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What are the 5 types of interactions in a tertiary structure?

Disulfide bonds (covalent bond)

Hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds

Non-polar interactions

Vander Waals interactions

50
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disulfide bond in tertiary structure

covalent bond between 2 cysteine amino acids

51
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ionic bond in a tertiary structure

between charged R-Groups

52
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hydrogen bonds in tertiary structure

between polar R-groups

53
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non-polar interactions in a tertiary structure

hydrophobic affect between non-polar R-Groups

54
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Van der Waals interactions

weak attractions between atoms close to each other

55
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quartenary structure

interactions of R-groups of two or more polypeptides

56
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how does a protein become denatured

high head

low pH

57
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what are polymers of nucleotides

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

58
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what does DNA include?

nucleotides, strand, double helix, chromosome, genome

59
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what are nucelotides held by

covalent bonds

60
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what are strands held together by

phosphodiester bonds

61
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what is a double helix held together by?

hydrogen bonds

62
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what is a hairpin

sections of the RNA sequence that are complementary to each other

63
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gene expression

explain how a gene becomes a protein

genes are turned off whenever/wherever

include transcription and translation

64
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central dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

gene sequence of DNA that makes instructions to make a protein

65
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transcription

DNA --> mRNA

(make a copy)

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translation

mRNA --> protein

(new language)

67
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where does translation and transcription happen in prokaryotic cells?

cytoplasm

68
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where does translation and transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?

transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm

69
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what are the 2 exceptions to the central dogma?

when a functional RNA is synthesized

retroviruses- RNA viruses (HIV)

70
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how does reverse transcription work?

uses RNA transcriptase to reverse-transcribe RNA genomes into DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome and replicated along with it.

71
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what is a gene?

segment (sequence) of DNA that encodes for one protein

example: chromosomes cookbook, genes recipes

72
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what is the coding strand?

strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand

(non-template)

Carries information to make proteins

73
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what is the non-coding strand?

template strand

74
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promoter

sequence in gene that marks the location on the template strand

starts transcription

75
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What is the "+1" site of a gene?

first nucleotide that is transcribed

direction of transcription

76
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upstream

lies towards the 5' end of the DNA coding strand, 5' side

77
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downstream

is in the direction of transcription, moving toward the 3' side

78
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Consider a fragment of DNA that has a total of 10 base pairs. Four of these contain Adenine and six contain Guanine. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in this fragment between purine/pyrimidine pairs?

2*4 =8

3*6 =18

18+8=26

26 hydrogen bonds

79
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If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?

30%

80
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You isolate a nucleic acid from a cell. How can you determine whether you have isolated RNA or DNA?

Look at the nitrogenous bases of the molecule (thymine or uracil)

Look at the sugars of the molecule (DNA will have deoxyribose, RNA will have ribose)

81
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transcription

the process in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA

(Creating rna from the dna)

82
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translation

the process of using the information in the RNA to synthesize polypeptides

83
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Translation begins when mRNA becomes associated with a

ribosome

84
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What is the purpose of the genetic code?

It specifies the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides and a sequence of amino acids

85
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What amino acid is specified by the start codon?

Methionine

86
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What structural features are common to all tRNAs?

Cloverleaf pattern with three stem-loops

Acceptor stem for amino acid attachment

87
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initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase binds to promoter

88
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elongation of transcription

RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides using one strand of DNA as a template.

89
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termination of transcription

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template

90
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initiation of translation

mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG

91
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elongation of translation

Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids to synthesize a polypeptide.

92
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termination of translation

occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

93
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what are the three steps in RNA processing?

1. Capping (Addition of 5' cap)

2.Tailing (addition of poly-A tail (3') string of AAAA's)

3. Splicing (removal of introns)

94
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what is the function of capping?

1. helps mRNA exit the nucleus

2. prevents loss of sequence in 5' end (degradation)

3. (in eukaryotes)= help mRNA bind to ribosome

95
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what is the function of a poly-a tail?

prevents degradation (loss of sequence)

96
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Why do we need mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

1. Remove non-coding information

2. Prevents mRNA from loosing sequence

97
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what is a codon?

a three nucleotide sequence in mRNA (64 codons total)

98
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61 codons specify for an _

amino acid

99
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1 Specifies for a __ codon

and the amino acid ___

"start" (known as AUG)

Methionine (Met)

AUG -> MET

100
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3 codons mean __

stop