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What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?
Nitrogen
Single or double carbon ring
The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.
peptide
What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?
Side chain (R group)
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Which of the following statements is true about adenine and guanine?
They consist of two fused rings of C and N atoms.
They are purine bases.
Which are pyrimidine bases found in DNA?
Thymine
Cytosine
RNA molecules contain what type of sugar?
ribose
What base pairs are found in DNA?
Adenine-thymine
Cytosine-guanine
What does RNA contain?
Uracil
Ribose
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
4 Bases in RNA?
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure
primary
Carboxyl group
What part of the amino acid is circled?
What are the 4 bases of DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, Sugar, Base
What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix?
Hydrogen Bond
In a DNA double helix, adenine on one strand is paired to ______ on the other strand via ______ hydrogen bonds.
thymine ; two
For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria:
information, replication, variation, transmission
RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains the base ___, and does not contain the base ___
uracil, thymine
A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.
P, OH
Which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds?
Cysteine
The terminator is a site in the DNA where the ___ of a gene ends
transcription
What are the stages of transcription?
initiation, elongation, termination
ranscription begins at a site in DNA called the
promoter
What is synthesized during the elongation stage of transcription
RNA
How is the 5' end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?
a cap is added to it
How is the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?
A poly A tail is added to it
introns
a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.
exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.
what is the spliceosome complex's function and what does it include?
A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by removing of introns and connecting exons
Chargaff's Rule
A=T and C=G
antiparallel configuration
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
Connected with hydrogen bonds
Pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
polymerization
putting a polymer together using a dehydration reaction
Sugar used in RNA
ribose
Sugar used in DNA
deoxyribose
What is the difference between DNA and RNA
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
DNA stores and transfers genetic information, RNA codes
what bond connects one nucelotide to the next
phosphodiester bonds
non-polar amino acids
hydrophobic
polar amino acids
hydrophilic
charged animo acids
hydrophilic
What defines the function of a protein
structure
What is a denatured protein
a protein that has lost its shape and function by being unfolded
N-terminus
amino end
C-terminus
carboxyl end
what is a peptide bond?
covalent bond between the carboxyl group and amino group
primary structure
peptide bonds
specific order of amino acids- unique to every protein
secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds form spirals ((a helix) or pleats (beta)
Tertiary Structure
additional folding of the polypeptide forms a 3D structure
What are the 5 types of interactions in a tertiary structure?
Disulfide bonds (covalent bond)
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Non-polar interactions
Vander Waals interactions
disulfide bond in tertiary structure
covalent bond between 2 cysteine amino acids
ionic bond in a tertiary structure
between charged R-Groups
hydrogen bonds in tertiary structure
between polar R-groups
non-polar interactions in a tertiary structure
hydrophobic affect between non-polar R-Groups
Van der Waals interactions
weak attractions between atoms close to each other
quartenary structure
interactions of R-groups of two or more polypeptides
how does a protein become denatured
high head
low pH
what are polymers of nucleotides
nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
what does DNA include?
nucleotides, strand, double helix, chromosome, genome
what are nucelotides held by
covalent bonds
what are strands held together by
phosphodiester bonds
what is a double helix held together by?
hydrogen bonds
what is a hairpin
sections of the RNA sequence that are complementary to each other
gene expression
explain how a gene becomes a protein
genes are turned off whenever/wherever
include transcription and translation
central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
gene sequence of DNA that makes instructions to make a protein
transcription
DNA --> mRNA
(make a copy)
translation
mRNA --> protein
(new language)
where does translation and transcription happen in prokaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
where does translation and transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?
transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm
what are the 2 exceptions to the central dogma?
when a functional RNA is synthesized
retroviruses- RNA viruses (HIV)
how does reverse transcription work?
uses RNA transcriptase to reverse-transcribe RNA genomes into DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome and replicated along with it.
what is a gene?
segment (sequence) of DNA that encodes for one protein
example: chromosomes cookbook, genes recipes
what is the coding strand?
strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand
(non-template)
Carries information to make proteins
what is the non-coding strand?
template strand
promoter
sequence in gene that marks the location on the template strand
starts transcription
What is the "+1" site of a gene?
first nucleotide that is transcribed
direction of transcription
upstream
lies towards the 5' end of the DNA coding strand, 5' side
downstream
is in the direction of transcription, moving toward the 3' side
Consider a fragment of DNA that has a total of 10 base pairs. Four of these contain Adenine and six contain Guanine. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in this fragment between purine/pyrimidine pairs?
2*4 =8
3*6 =18
18+8=26
26 hydrogen bonds
If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?
30%
You isolate a nucleic acid from a cell. How can you determine whether you have isolated RNA or DNA?
Look at the nitrogenous bases of the molecule (thymine or uracil)
Look at the sugars of the molecule (DNA will have deoxyribose, RNA will have ribose)
transcription
the process in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA
(Creating rna from the dna)
translation
the process of using the information in the RNA to synthesize polypeptides
Translation begins when mRNA becomes associated with a
ribosome
What is the purpose of the genetic code?
It specifies the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides and a sequence of amino acids
