chemistry
study of matter and changes it undergoes
matter
anything that takes up space and mass
worldview
perspective from which to see and interpret life
model
workable explanation, description, or representation of an actual molecule
aphothecaries
early pharmacist in ancient chemistry
Greek philosphers
applied reasoning to think about the nature of matter
alchemist
searched for immortality through medicines
alchemy
blend of astrology and mystcism with observation and experimentation
Benjamin Rush
The first professor of chemistry in the US
modern chemistry
uses different models to interpret what we observe about the nature of matter and the changes it undergoes
world view
belive that life evolved from nonliving compounds
biblical view
living tihngs traced back to God's special Cration by His word
biblical triad
Biblical principles, biblical outcomes, biblical principles
deductive reasoning
general statements called premises to a specific conclusion
inductive reasoning
uses facts and or data and general conclusions
Qualitive data
descriptive data
Quantitative data
numerical data
experimental group
group of samples exposed to the independent variable
control group
group of samples not exposed to the independent variable
independent variable
variable that is changed
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
theory
EXPLANATION of a natural phenomenon
law
DESCRIBES a relationship between a repeating pattern of a natural phenomenon
hypothesis
suggested explanation to a scientific question
classifications of matter
pure substances and mixtures
pure substance
consist of only one type of matter
mixture
2 or more substance that are physically combined
homogenous mixture
a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout (e.x sugar water, soda)
heterogenous mixture
a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout/ can take apart easily (e.x salad, pizza)
ways to seperate mixtures
filtration, distillation, decanting
filtration
used to filter bigger particles from small fluid particles
distillation
HOMOgenous mixture way to seperate, uses different boiling points
decanting
HETEROgenous mixture way to seperate, pouring less dense material onto denser material
how do we distringuish between two catergories of matter
physical and chemical property
physical property
anything that is observed or measured w/o altering a substance's chemical composition
chemical property
properties that describe how matter acts in the present
examples of physical property
malleability, density, conductivity, ductility,
examples of chemical property
reactivity, flammability, toxicity
difference between atoms. elements, and compounds
An atom is the smallest form of an element, an element is a substance that can't be broken down into smaller substances, and a compound is two or more different elements that join together.
7 diatomic elements
hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, oxygen, iodine, chlorine, bromine
potential energy
energy of an object due to its position or condition
kinetic energy
energy due to an object's motion
thermodynamics
study of movement and conversion of energy
conservation of mass-energy
matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transfromed or transferred between objects
law of entropy
(high to low concentration), never decreases in a system
thermal energy
The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance
heat
flow of thermal energy
temperature
the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
exothermic process
RELEASE energy
endothermic process
ABSORBS energy
absolute zero
a temperature of 0 kelvins, lowest point
Aristotle
Greek philosopher, continous theory of matter
Democritus
Greek Philosopher, atomism
what replaced philosophical atomism
scientific atomism
Continous theory of matter
matter could be continously subdivided without end
atomism
matter was made of seperate discrete particles
Who founded the Law of Definite Proportions?
French Chemist Joseph Proust in 1794
What does l.o.d.p say
states every compound is formed of element combined in specific ratios by mass that are unique for that compound (e.x water)
who made a new atomic model
English school teacher John Dalton
what was the new atomic model based on
experimental evidence instead of philoshopy
Law of multiple proportions
elements can combine in different ratios to form different compounds
do elements have the same mass
no, they each have different masses
why was philoshopy used during greek times
because of the lack of tech
J.J Thomson
discovered the electron, English Physicist
How did J.J. Thomson discover the electron?
cathode ray tube experiment
Hans Geiger
conducted the gold foil experiment that led to the discovery of the nucleus
who discovered the nucleus
Ernest Rutherford
who named the protons
Ernest Rutherford
measurement
comparison of an unknown quanity to a known STANDARD unit
dimensions
measurable properties. ex. length, mass, volume, time, electrical charge
what needs to happen before a dimension can be measured
there must be a unit of measure defined for that dimensions
graduated scale
the spacing of the marks on a instrument used for measuring
instrument
artifical device made for refining, extending, or substituting for human senses
what does a measurements consis of
number and a unit
unit
standard by which the scientist compares the object
Metric system
The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass. (powers of 10)
France
first european nation to adopt MMS (had kilogram and meter)
SI
International System of Units; stanard measuring system, US and 2 other countries don't use
ampere
electrical current
candela
light intensity
kelvin
temperature
kilogram
mass
meter
length
mole
number of particles (most used in science)
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