IB History of the Americas: Unit 2

XYZ Affair

France was an ally, but British and French ships messing with American ships. America sent a representative to France, but French just had rebellion. There were a few conditions involved: 1. had to pay $12 million dollars to talk to the prime minister 2. and he had to pay a personal bribe of $250,000.

representative offended and Adams embarrassed. Replaced the French names involved with Mr. X, Mr. Y, and Mr. Z. The Democratic-Republicans thought Adams was lying and he was on the British side. American goes to an undeclared war with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts

They changed the constitution on how one could become a citizen.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions/Nullification*

The states have the right to do what they want abd the federal government should not tell them what to do. The US constitution exists as a compact (loose agreement) between the federal and state governements. States can nullify/cancel federal laws that they judge to be unconstitutional. These things set a negative precedent for the future because even though James Madison and Thomas Jefferson were right, the South used this concept later to justify slavery

Revolution of 1800

It was a name for the election of 1800 and Jefferson named it this because he thought it was a big step toward the American picture. The election was between Jefferson and Madison and Jefferson won.

Lousiana Purchase

It was sold to America by French Napoleon for $15 million. He didn't want American land that much, he knew America would eventually fight for it so he wanted to make some money off of it.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

the purpose was to explore, sample, draw, and write down anything and everything about the L. Purchase and beyond. They also wanted to find the NW passage that was a waterway from the Atlantic t Pacific, but there was none. And they only lost one man due to something other than the trip and it was a peaceful trip.

2 Reasons Aaron Burr became infamous

He was a Vice president. 1. Hamilton thought that Burr wouldn't go through with dual but burr did and Hamilton died. Burr was acquitted with murder. 2. Burr talked with Wilkington about secession and Wilkington told government that Butt did this. Burr goes on trial and became an outcast from society

Trouble with Britain and France at Sea

French kept messing with American Ships and about 8,000 sailors were being kidnapped. America tried going to war, treaties,...but nothing worked. Jefferson said to make no more trade with british or French but this hurt Americans more because French and British didn't need trade with America. People went to black market, but people were forced to not rely so much on trade so more factories were built in the US

War Hawks and Their Goals

The War Hawks were people who wanted to expand land, clear out the Native Americans and take Canada, and Florida from Spanish. they were aggressively minded. They were mostly young Congressmen and Senators. A man named Henry Clay was among them and later became known as the Great Compromiser

Causes of the War of 1812

1. British were aiding Native Americans in resisting the US

2. The problem at sea for sailors being harrassed and kidnapped

3. underlying reason might have been for expansion.

Treaty of Ghent

This treaty made it that we would go back to prewar conditions so neither side won anything or lost anything. many people were unsatisfied. some historians say that the war of 1812 was almost like a 2nd Revolution bc after war the bullying from GB faded away eventually

Hartford Convention

secession was becoming a more serious victory. People turned on Feds and hated them bc people were patriotic and didn't want secession. Fed opposition delegates from New England meet to discuss complaints regarding the war and Republican leaders

Eli Whitney

He invented the cotton gin and it expanded demand for cotton and spreaded the farms.

Missouri Compromise

up to this point there was an = amount of slave to free states however Missouri wanted to ne annexed so he made Maine a free state and Missouri a slave state. This was made by Henry Clay and said that anything below the 49 parallel was a slave state and anything above was a free state. it was not a permanent solution

Rush-Bagot Treaty

(1817) it was an agreement between the US and Canada of where the official boundary was

Adams-Onis Treaty

they bought Florida from Spain and established boundry between Spanish territort and US.

Monroe Doctrine

statement directed for Europe- warning European countries to stay out of Western Hemisphere so if you want to expand you have to go through the US. America was a weak so made a deal with British

Election of 1824 (The Corrupt Bargain)

In this election, 4 presidents got electoral votes but all very close. If not win by enough, the vote goes to the house. Clay was out of the vote. Clay wanted to make a deal; didn't like Jackson so he told adams that he would give his support if Adams made him the secretary of state.nothing illegal about this. Supporters of Clay now went towards Adams so Jackson lost. Jackson and his supporters called it the corrupt baragain.

John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and the American System

1. A protective tarriff

2. International Improvements

3.A national bank

federal tax dollars used to imporve transportation system

Andrew Jackson's view on the American System

they thought that tarrif was corrupt bc commoners got nothing out of it. states and private orgs should pay for better transportation system. tather have state banks-trusted them more. Jackson did NOT like the American System

Tariff of Abominations

saw it as conspiracy of the south's way of life and the North trying to hurt the South. The tariff protects business in the North but the South relied on exports on their business. Southerners blame John Adams instead of Jackson supporters who actually signed off on it.

Kitchen Cabinet

Jackson grew up hard and fast and had a temper. becomes weathy plantation owner. people either loved him or hated him. he was a commoner and people like that. he had cabinets but never trusted them so never had meetings with them; but he had friends who were unofficial cabinets and they'd meet around the kitchen table

Spoils System

became infamous, lasted 50 years. he wanted to clear out all of the people with government jobs and replace them with loyal supporters. lasted til 1880s. ended bc of an assassination

South Carolina and Nullification

GB cant buy cotton and only helped the people in the N. and it is up to the states. a challenge to Fed gov was an attack on Andrew Jackson. John C. Calhoun said that he liked the idea of nullification and Jackson said he would go to S. Carolina with military and personally hang all of the leaders of the movement

Jackson and the 2nd bank of the US

Jackson hated the

Jackson and the Native Americans Removal

Black Hawk War- this was in Western Illinois and 2 tribes: Fox tribes and South tribes; troops were sent to engage in removal; a "massacre" broke out and the tribes lost. 2). the tribes did everything they could do to be like the white people. The Supreme Court said that they could stay on their land, but Jackson wanted them gone. They forced removal from their land and they were moved to Oklahoma and Kansas and they mixed all these tribes together. IT was Indian territory until 1890's.

Second Party System

also called the Whigs. these people were against Jackson. They belived that wealthy people are the best suited leaders and there is no class system in the US so people believed through hard work you can become wealthy. they didnt like Jacksons focus on inequality.they had the support from the middle class and the N.

Panic of 1837

it was from the tariff of abomination. the panic was like a depression in modern terms. people rely on trade with other countries and this hurt them badly. people not able to pay bills and loans so the banks closed. Jackson was not blamed even though he started it with the withdrawl of money from the 2nd bank of america

Election of 1840/ William Henry Harrison

Whigs wanted to win this time. Civilian Henry Harrison (70 years old), not a man of the people, an aristocrat, came up with the campaign "buttons" and ribbons. Advertised candidates. Harrison gets elected and Whigs are ecstatic. It was the 1st modern presidential compaign.

John Tyler's Presidency

Whigs hated him and democrats hated him too. William Henry gets pneumonia and dies after only a month in office and Tyler is his successor. Not a true whig, only hated Jackson. Democrats thought he was a trader of their party.

American Colonization Society

it was based on the enlightment ideas that slaves should be free, but we should send them back to Africa.

problem: at least 1 million Africans in America cost would be crazy and slave owners didnt want to give them up. and what would they do in Africa. Liberia was a country set up for returning slaves from the US and other countries.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

God told him to have a revolt. Try to kill as many whites as he could and flee. killed 60, and he set off a panic amoung the whites. eventually he was caught and killed and hanged. now whites suspicious. whites cracked down on slaves

William Lloyd Garrison

he was a man that advocated the rights of blacks and said that they needed to be freed immeadietly. he was a radical abolitionist

Theodore Dwight Weld/ Angelina Grimke

They were abolitionists but not as radical as William Lloyd Garrison. They were married; she gave speeches and sermons throughout the North and her husband was a minister.

Gag Rule

The South had more power in the House so they made a gag rule that prevented the subject of slavery. Adams was fighting against slavery and the gag rule in the House of Representative.

Liberty Party

not in favor of immeadiate Emancipation but wanted to do things slowly and slowly ship away at it. but didn;t win because many presidents were from the S. or S. sympathizers. didn't attract enough voters as apart of a group

Manifest Destiny

manifest means obvious. it was the assumption the Americans would reach the pacific coast.

Fifty-four forty or fight

referring to the Oregon Territory lattitude. He said that he would fight the British.said by james polk

James Polk

he was a US president

General Winfield Scott

he was the general for the American army during the Mexican-American War. Mexico would not surrender and the war was not going as fast as he wanted to so he came up with a plan of surprise by doing a naval surprise and catch Mexico city.

Wilmont Proviso

David waned to put slave-powered theory to the test, so he set up a vote and the South voted no and publicly admitted that they wanted to spread slavery. Wilmont was making an attempt to stop the spread of slavery westward. Even though the proposal was voted down, it contributed to the North and South tensions

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

this was made to end the Mexican-American war. People wanted him to take the whole country of Mexico be he didn't

Free-Soil Movement

Abolitionists wanted ti come up with a way to begin the emancipation of the slaves. They wanted to create policies in the government to avoid the spread of slavery. They were thinking of practical reasons instead of moral because moral ain't working

Election of 1848

Polk only served one term term and died soon after. Democrats chose North: Lewis Cass. The democrats were becoming a South based party. Whigs chose Southerner: Zachary Taylor and the Whigs were becoming a South based party. Taylor was a slaveholder

Popular Soverignty

Cass advocated a new idea for popular sovereignty; as people move west, the people will vote and decide whether or not the State will be a slave state or not. People on extreme sides were against, and people on the neutral side were for it. Taylor didn't have any specific idea

California Gold Rush

In 1850 there was a problem with Cal if it would be a slave state or not. Cal population rapidly increased from the gold and it was a little of a surprise. No northern or Southern state to pair with Cal; wanted it to be a free state.

Compromise of 1850

created by H. Clay, Daniel Webster, and Stephen A. Douglas. It was a 5 part compromise: 1). Admission of Cal as a free state 2). Organization of the rest of New Mexico and Utah on implied basis of popular sovereignty. 3). resolution of boundary dispute between New Mexico and Texas in favor of New Mexico. 4). Abolishment of slave trade in Washington D.C. 5). Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act

Common Property Doctrine

advocated by John C. Calhoun. This was the idea that if slaves were property, why can't I take my slaves where I want. Logically made sense

Northern and Southern reactions to the Fugitive Slave Act

South- was happy because abolitionists could be punished but many of them went against the law. North- state government tried to nullify the Act and tried to pass personal liberty laws. Wisconsin said it was okay to defy the act of government but government over-ruled this. many people were trying to defy the law

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe- she was a North white woman who wrote a book. It was a fictional story and it was sympathetic towards slaves. It was the 2nd most popular book sold in the US but it was only sold in the North and made people feel for the slaves. Abe Lincoln met her.

Gadsden Purchase

Franklin pierce was president during this time and he wanted ti build a transcontinental railroad. The Gadsden Purchase was bought by bullying; the purchasing on the mainland was done.

Role of Cuba on Slavery Issue

they wanted to kick the Spanish out of Cuba to make a slave state. North was not supporting this

Onstead Manifesto

sent a message to Pierce saying we can do this; we got this with Cuba. South going crazy with slavery expansion. Ultimately Cuba was different become slave state but the South didn't stop there.

Role of Nicaragua on Slavery Issue

Temporarily successful in Nicaragua and the South was excited. Pierce formally recognized Walker as the leader of Nicaragua. Nicaraguans overtook Walker and killed him and his men. The North thought the South was going out of control doing things secretly; wanted an empire for slavery. making it harder for the North and the South to reconcile