AP Modern World History - Unit 2

Unit 2 KNOWT Flashcards in chorological order: Chapter 22: 1-26 Chapter 23: 27-78 Chapter 24: 79-133 Chapter 25: 134-164 Chapter 26: 165 - 223 Chapter 27: N/A - Edgar Bedolla

Unit 2 =

Early Modern Period 1500 CE - 1800 CE

What did Europeans mariners launch between 1400-1750 C.E?

Launched series of voyages of "exploration"

Causes: 1. Political stability 2. Wealth

3. Exploration not for exploration sake there was other motives

Who financed the exploratory voyages of European mariners?

Private investors or wealthy people and also government because they all wanted profits

What are the 3 motives or cause of European exploration?

The 3 Gs = God, Gold, Glory

Glory = Search for resources and land to bring glory to the state and cultivate cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, tobacco

Gold = Desire to establish new trade route to Asian market to trade and profit and also to eliminate Muslim merchant as middleman

God = Expand Roman Catholic Christianity with the purpose of competition with Islam

What European kingdom was most prominent in the search for fresh resources to exploit and lands to cultivate?

Western Europe: Kingdom of Portugal

What did European mariners begin to do in the 13th century?

Sailed Atlantic Ocean with the purpose of finding food resources like fish seal whale and new land to grow wheat as a supplement for Portugal food sources

100 years later 14th century Portuguese discover Atlantic Island like Maddras Asorus with the purpose of meeting sugar demand in Europe so they use these islands as sugarcane plantation

What did Portuguese mariners and Italian investor do in the in 15th century?

15th century Portuguese establish plantation in Atlantic Island like Cape Cod, Sao Tome, Principe, Fernando Po

In addition to the allure of exploiting fresh land and resources what else served as an important cause of European exploration?

New Maritime trade routes to Asian markets

What goods did Europeans demand from Asian markets?

Old goods = silk, spices, porcelain

New goods = Chinese ginger, Indian peppers, cloves, nutmeg

Asian market dominate by Muslim mariner so goods were expensive because of the good's prices and Muslim's fees

What goods did Europeans demand from African market?

Goods = Ivory, Gold, Slaves

Muslim merchant dominated this market

Effect: European eliminate Muslim merchant
Cause :European want direct access to Asian and African Market

Why was gold especially an important commodity for European?

European principal form of payment for Asian goods

In addition to the allure of fresh lands and resources and trade routes to the markets of Asia, what was the final cause of European exploration?

Expand Christianity

Why did Europeans want to spread Christianity around the world?

Missionary religion, in New Testament Christian must spread faith throughout the World

However they used Christianity as justification for materialistic motives

As a result of the links European made between the Old World and New World, what are the two types of exchanges that resulted from these links?

Biological exchanges: food crops, human population, disease

Commercial exchanges: manufactured goods

all of this makes up the Columbian Exchanges

What is the Columbian exchange? What does it remind you of? Why?

What = Global spread of plants, food crops, animals, human population disease

Where = Eastern Hemisphere to Western Hemisphere and vice versa

When: Post Columbian + other voyages of exploration
1. Silk road 2. Indian Ocean Basin Trade Network 3. Trans-Saharan Trade network all of these connected to Postclassical period

How did the biological exchange of contagious and infectious diseases on the Columbian exchange impact the native peoples of the Americas and the Pacific Island? (EFFECT)

16th century spread disease: smallpox, measles, influenza

Demographic: population decline especially in the Americas

Causes: East had immunity or ability to resist disease and in the East disease killed mostly children adult was immune while in the
West was never exposed to disease so they had no immunity

What happened to the Aztec Empire in 1519 CE? (EFFECT)

Smallpox epidemic or widespread ocurence of infectious disease

Effect: population decline killed 90 percent
17 million --> 1.3million

How many people died from diseases imported to the Americas and the Pacific Island through the Columbian exchange? (EFFECT)

1500 - 1800 = 100 million death which was the worst demographic decline in history

How did the Columbian exchange impact the world's population in the long term? (EFFECT)

Demographic increase

Cause: spread new local food crops and animal for protein led to healthier diet

What food crops was traded to the New World from the Old World on the Columbian Exchange? (EFFECT)

What: Rice, sugar, banana, apple, cherry, yam, collard green, coffee

What animals traveled to the New World from the Old World on the Columbian Exchange? (EFFECT)

Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep, Goats, Chickens

What food crops traveled to the Old World from the New World on the Columbian Exchange? (EFFECT)

Maize, potato, bean, tomato, pepper, peanut, papaya, guava, avocado

In addition to the food crops, what other goods traveled from the New World to the Old World?

Medicinal plant like Quinine which was used as treatment for malaria

What is a joint-stock company?

Commercial organization, business establish by private merchant where merchant fund ships, crew, and goods for profit

Purpose of voyages of exploration was profit

Investor had rights to buy, sell, build, have trade post, build army, make war in company interest

England 1600: English East India Company

Netherland: 1602 United east India AKA VOC

What is a trading post?

Small settlement with the purpose of trade

Portuguese mariner had the earliest trading post in Africa and India

Goal: not conquest rather control trade rule and force merchant vessel to pay tax

Effects of "exploration" from 1500-1800 CE =

1. Columbian Exchange
2. Joint Stock Company
3. Trading Post

What European history should you know so far?

Stages of European history so far = 1. Roman empire 2. Fall of Roman Empire- splits into two 1. East 2. West 4. Western Europe 1. Decentralized Germanic regional states A. Carolingian empire 5. Byzantine empire falls to Ottoman empire 6. Carolingian empire falls 7. Regional states of medieval Europe A. Growth 1. Regional states A. Western Europe 2. Late 10th century A. German princes form 1. Holy Roman empire A. Ruled 1. Independent monarch 3. Other regional states emerge A. France B. England C. Italian peninsula 1. City states D. Iberian peninsula 1. Christian kingdoms vs Muslim A. Spain B. Portugal 4. Ruled 1. Independent monarchs - competition

Who is Martin Luther and why did he challenge the Roman Catholic Christian Church?

German Catholic monks lives in North Holy Roman Empire 1519 CE challenged Catholic Christian Church or "The Church"

Cause: he denounced the sales of indulgences or official pardon | Pay $ = excuse sins, grant admission to heaven

Why did Martin Luther despise the Church authorities?

Indulgences = corruption because he believed Church authority could not forgive sins or grant admission to heaven

The Church authorities were assuming the power of God

What is the Ninety-Five Theses?

Document by Martin Luther in 1517 CE that denounce the sales of indulgences as church corruption

Effects: copied spread all over Europe since in 15th century the invention of printing press

Gain support and also many people resented Church

Also includes criticism of religious and political authority and the Roman Catholic Monarchs

What happened to Martin Luther in 1520 CE?

Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther 1. Exclude Luther from participating in the Roman Catholic Christian Church

What happened to Martin Luther in 1521 CE?

1. Charles V A. Holy Roman Empire Emperor 2. Demand A. Luther recant views 1. Take back beliefs 3. Luther response = A. "No"

How did Martin Luther's action impact Europe culturally?

1530s development of Protestant or Luther's supporter

Separated from Roman Catholic Church led to the development of Protestant Reformation or Luther's movement to reform the Roman Catholic Christian Church

What is the Protestant Reformation?

When: 1530s

What: religious reform movement

Who: Martin Luther led Protestant to reform Western Roman Catholic Church to end Church corruption

Effects: divided the Church

Protestant Christian Church led to the growth of alternative Christian Church

How did Martin Luther's action impact Europe politically?

European monarchs took advantage of religious controversy of Protestant Reformation and saw it as an opportunity to strengthen their state and enhance authority

Effects: Monarch tighten control of state to decrease power of nobility and increase royal authority and enhance their control over subject peoples

State development: Centralization --> imperial rule

Development of new monarchy known as absolute monarch who had unlimited power, controlled all aspect of society and ruled by Divine Rights of Kings meaning they only answered to God and not their subjects

How did Martin Luther's action impact Europe economically?

Development and growth of new economic system = capitalism

Capitalism =economic system --> Production of goods and services are privately own with the goal of making profit

Despite their differences what united the peoples of Western Europe?

Roman Catholic Christian Church since Christianity was the common religion/culture

What issues did the Roman Catholic Christian Church face that prompted reformers to challenge it? (CAUSES)

Hedonism or pursuit of pleasure and materialism = material possession over spiritual value

Church eliminate pre-Christian traditions and had alternative tradition

Church = only connection to God so people want personal connection with God and during 16th-17th century their was the emergences of revolt against Church

Shattered the religious unity of Europe

What issues did Martin Luther have with the Roman Catholic Church?

1. Sales of indulgences or paying Church to forgive sins and go to heaven

2. Closure of Monastery

3. Wanted translation of Christian Bible into more languages since Church kept Bible in Latin only

4. End Priestly authority

What did Martin Luther reject?

Authority of Church hierarchy he upheld the Bible as the only source of Christian religious authority

No authority = Church/Church officials

How did Europeans react to Luther's message?

Supporters = Common peoples & Government leaders

Cause: Saw controversy as opportunity to expand power

Effects: Expansion of protests --> Protestantism
Development 1. Alternative Protestant churches

What happened in Germany by about the mid 16th century? (EFFECT)

Half German Population adopts Lutheran Church/ Lutheran Christianity

Effects: Growth of alternative Churches

Who is Henry VIII and why is he important? (EFFECT)

King England (1509 - 1547) want to divorce wife because no male heir to the throne

Church reaction: Pope said no

Important: Henry's reaction = England broke relations w/ Roman Catholic Christian Church

2. Establish Anglican Church = Protestant doctrine and rituals | Church head = King England 1560 CE England Permanently leave Roman Catholic Christian Church

Who is John Calvin and why is he important? (EFFECT)

French Lawyer in 1530 CE, convert to Protestant Christianity

Effect: French monarchy suppress Protestant and Calvin reacted by leaving France and settle in French speaking Geneva, Switzerland

Important: Organized Protestant community in Geneva (1536CE) publishes book "Institute of Christian Religion" which organizes Protestant teaching

Emergence of Calvinist Church, sent missionary to different country

What three Christian communities were established by the late 16th century?

Lutheran Church, Germany, Martin Luther

Anglican Church, England, Henry VIII

Calvinist Church, Geneva, John Calvin

What political effects did the Protestant Reformation have on European society?

European monarchs took advantage of religious controversy of Protestant Reformation as an opportunity to strengthen their state and enhance their power

War =

A. Causes B. Conflict C. Effects

What political impact did the Thirty Years' War have on European society?

Causes: religious tensions of Catholics vs. Protestants

Conflicts: 30 Years 1618-1648 fought in German provinces began with Catholic vs. Protestant in Holy Roman Empire

Effects: Ended by Peace of Westphalia - a series of treatise between the fighting country

--> European monarchs create diplomatic system with the goal of managing international relations and maintain order of independent European state

Europe phases =

Phase 1: Classical Period - Roman Empire

A. Germanic peoples invade Roman Empire
B. The Roman Empire splits

Phase 2:
1. West-Carolingian Empire
2. East - Byzantine Empire
3. Early Modern Europe 1500-1800CE with East being Ottoman Empire (Islam) and West being decentralized regional monarchy (Christianity)

What was Western Europe like after the fall of the Carolingian Empire?

9th century Carolingian Empire fall --> No imperial government

Rise of decentralized regional state by independent monarchs

10th century emergence of Holy Roman Empire by German Princes with the goal of reviving the Roman Catholic Empire like the Roman Empire

Who is Charles V?

Emperor Holy Roman Empire 1519-1556

Extend to Germany, Bohemia, North Italy, Switzerland, and Hungary

Who are the Hapsburgs and why are they important?

Family that controlled Holy Roman Empire after 1438

Important: extend through marriage alliance but unable to reunite Europe due to internal and external problem

What did Emperor Charles V fail to do? Why?

1. Didn't extend authority all Europe

2. Cause
A. Internal problem: Protestant Reformation --> German princes took advantage of religious controversy to assert independence

B. Internal problem 2: Lack administrative structure A. Rule empire w/ regions ruled by local laws & customs

3. No standing army, the military used only to put down rebellions

Why were French king fearful of a powerful Holy Roman Empire? What did they do to prevent it from increasing its power?

External problem 1: Fearful Holy Roman Empire surrounded France, they suspected Charles V wants France

Effect: Prevent Charles from increasing power by helping Protestant and encourage rebellion, and allying with Muslim Ottoman Turk against Charles V

Why were Ottoman Sultans fearful of a powerful Holy Roman Empire? What did they do to prevent it from increasing its power?

External Problem 2: Ottoman Sultan fearful of loss of land in Eastern Europe and growth of Christianity because they were Islamic

Effect: prevent Charles V increasing power by alliance w/ France and in 1526 CE conquered Hungary, North Africa, and threatened Italy and Spain

What happened to Emperor Charles V in 1556 CE?

Losses battle with Protestant Reformation, agreed to let German princes determine religious faith

Abdicate throne or give up and retire to a monastery in Spain

What happened to Charles V's Holy Roman Empire?

Splits into 2:

Part 1: Son King Philip II of Spain and inherit Spain, Italy, Low Countries

Part 2: Brother Ferdinand and inherit Hapsburg family lands like Austria and remaining Holy Roman Empire, and also the throne

In addition to religious and political changes, what economic development was Europe undergoing from 1500 to 1800 CE?

Growing population + growing regional state

1. Absolute Monarchy 2. Constitutional Monarchy

Growing economy -- Development of new economic system - Capitalism

Economically how was Western Europe and Eastern Europe different?

Western European economy based on Raw material, Cash crops, manufactured goods to trade = economic development = prosperity

Eastern European economy based on raw material, cash crop, but limited manufacturing and trade with some economic development and prosperity (less than West)

What was the foundation of European economic expansions

Growing population caused by improved nutrients cause by Columbian exchange

Decreased mortality rate caused by improved diet

What was Europe's population like by 1700 CE?

120 million

What caused the growth of cities in Europe?

1. Monarchs A. Pick cities as Capitals + 2. Government sites

Example: 1561 CE, King Phillip II of Spain choose Capital = Madrid

1630 CE 170,000 people
Commercial centers w/ Markets --> Jobs
Industrial centers w/ Early factories --> Jobs

The economic growth of Europe coincided with he emergence of what?

Capitalism = economic system

What is capitalism?

Capitalism = economic system | people invest in business with goal of it making profit

2. Business development = factor of production including land, labor, capital (machinery needed to run business)

Factor of productions is privately owned by people which is the opposite of public ownership where factor of productions in government ownership (socialism/communism)

advantage for owners of factor of production while disadvantage for non-owner who gets paid by worker's wage

In capitalism, who makes economic decisions?

1. "Private" = "People"
A. Individuals B. Private parties C. Large companies

2. "Not public" A. Government

What is the center of the capitalist system?

1. "Market" A. Free system | Trade as businesses compete for profit

Businesses SUPPLY Goods + services | "Market" decides the goods supplied while consumers purchase or DEMAND Goods + Services

"Market" A. SUPPLY + DEMAND to determine prices

What did European astronomer reject? What did they base their understanding of the natural world on?

Rejected classical scholars like the Greeks and Romans

They stressed in the understanding of the natural world based on observation and mathematical thinking. Resulting in the emergence of the Scientific Revolution

How did advancement in science such as the scientific method impact Europe culturally?

It weakened the Church

Western Europe: growth of secular values (non-religious values)

Who is Claudius Ptolemy and why is he important?

Greek scholar in the 2nd century published Almagest

Ptolemaic Theory was the geocentric theory claiming that the world revolves around the Earth

Who is Nicolaus Copernicus and why is he important?

Polish astronomer who published a book in 1543: On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres

Copernican Theory was the Heliocentric theory claiming the world revolves around the sun

How did people react to Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

Negatively, they believed Earth was the center of universe because they thought only humans existed, so they went against him

What is the scientific revolution?

1500-1800, Europe's emergence of modern science and development in, math, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, and societal views on the natural world

They argue God and church don't have all the answers, and so they believed nature needed testing scientifically through scientific methods like data, logic, reason

Process: purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

Who are some of the major thinkers of the Scientific Revolution?

Galileo Galilei: Italian teacher of mathematics who studied the moon and found out Jupiter had 4 moons and also he had issues with the Church

Johanes Kepler: studied movement of planets, and found a formula on how planets moved

Isaac Newton: 1643, England, studied math and discovered the law of gravity

Emilie du Chatelet: French mathematics who wrote books on math

Why is the scientific revolution important?

1. Scientific Revolution influences other movements
= Emergence of the enlightenment where thinkers apply scientific revolution ideas like logic and reasoning on society

What is the Enlightment?

Philosophical movement in Europe from 17th-18th century, based in Europe and led by France

Enlightment thinkers called philosophers used reason and logic to solve social problems. New ideas: Freedom of speech, religion, and voting

Theory of Progress: things can and will get better

Results in old social, religious, and government structures being questioned -->revised and updated to better it

Who is John Locke? Why is he important?

Enlightenment philosophe from England
Argued people have "natural rights" to life, liberty, and property

In addition to John Locke, who are some of the major thinkers of the Enlightenment?

Baron de Montesquieu:
Wrote the Spirit of the Laws (1748) that absolute monarchy could be avoided if political power was divided and shared among classes
Theorized three branches of governments: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
Voltaire:
Theorized freedom of speech and freedom of religion

Why is the Enlightenment important?

Philosophes took current flawed government systems and changed them
Influenced the processes of the French Revolution, American Revolution, Latin American Revolutions

When Europeans arrived in the Americas what did they bring with them that was unavailable to the native peoples there?

Technology: Iron Metallurgy used to create weapons like guns, swords, and shields

When Europeans arrived in the Americas, how did they exploit native peoples?

Exploit differences between Native peoples

Goal: form alliance

Example: Aztec Empire vs. European +native subject peoples alliance

What are the causes of the successful European invasion of the native peoples of the Americas?

1. Technology: Iron metallurgy for weapons like shields, swords, and guns

2. Exploitation of native divisions: European formed alliances

3. Epidemic disease; germs/biological warfare like smallpox

What European country conquered the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica and the Inca Empire in South America?

Spain conquered:

- Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica
- Inca Empire in South America

What European power established commercial ventures in Brazil?

Portugal controlled South America specifically Brazil and they built sugar plantation there

What European powers colonized North America?

Colonization: the formation of settlement and establishment of SPICE control

Displacement of native peoples in North America as England, France, and Netherland (Dutch people) colonized it

What was the first site of interaction between Europeans and the native peoples of the Americas?

Caribbean

Invaders - Spanish
Natives - Taino

Who are the Taino and how did they live? How did they react to the arrival of Europeans?

Native people of Caribbean

Origins: Ancestors sailed from South America to Caribbean and in 900 CE settled in Caribbean and they were agricultural people who farmed manioc and lived in small villages with chiefs

Reaction to Europeans: friendly and curious of glass bead, metal tool

What is Hispaniola and what did the Hispanic do there in 1489 CE?

Island in Caribbean which is modern day Haiti and Dominican Republic

1498 CE Spain created base and serve as trading post in Santo Domingo and it also was the capital of Spanish Caribbean

What was Columbus's original plan in the Caribbean? Why did it fail?

Trade between Spanish and Taino with the goal of acquiring products that Europeans desired within European markets like silk and spices

Effect: plan failed because Caribbean had no spice/silk

Columbus thought he landed in India but he didn't

Because of the Columbus's failed plan, how did Spanish settlers then resort to support their society?

Mine gold

Problem: mining was labor intensive and Spaniards refused to do those labor

Effects: a solution was that they recruit Taino labor

What is an encomienda? How did it work?

Spanish system for labor recruitment in the Caribbean

Initially started as voluntary labor then Spanish resorted to stealing native's and and "recruit" Taino labor for mining and agriculture of cash crops: sugarcane,

In return Spanish had responsibility of looking out for Taino's health, welfare, and their conversion to Christianity

What was life like for Taino laborers on encomiendas?

Taino laborers worked hard yet punished severely because sometimes unable to deliver expected quantity of gold

Some resistance: organized rebellion which almost always failed as Spanish killed them w/ gun --> reduced Taino population on encomienda

How did Spanish encomenderos respond to their declining source of native labor?

Taino population decline caused by encomienda's harsh working condition and smallpox

Solution: forced labor as Spanish launched raiding parties to capture more slaves

What happened to the native population of the Caribbean from 1492 CE to 1540s CE?

Genocide: systematic killing of racial group or cultural group

1492 - 4 million native peoples in Americas
1540s - few thousand native peoples in Americas

What is the significance of the following sets of dates: 1000 to 1500 CE, 1492 CE, 1500 to 1800 CE?

1000 to 1500 CE (Pre-Columbian Period) : There is very little to no communication between the Old World and the New World, indigenous soci3ety prosper and develop their own states

1492: "Columbus set sailed the Ocean Blue"

1500 to 1800 CE: Western European "discover" the New World and they conquer and establish states while in search of God, gold, and glory. Their conquest and colonization led to European state development in the Americas

AP World History Timeline =

Ancient: beginning of time to 600 BCE
Classical Period: 600 BCE to 600 CE
Postclassical Period: 600 to 1450 CE
Early Modern Period: 1450 to 1750 CE

How did Europeans exploit the Americas economically?

1. Joint-Stock Company
2. Trading posts
3. Columbian exchange
4. Invasion

5 Economic exploitation using force labor with Columbus's original plan being trading post for silk and spices and plan b was gold mining using Encomienda system where labor went to mine gold silver and cultivate cash crops like sugarcane, tobacco and cotton, but soon native population declined leading to the use of African Slaves

6. Settlement

What is a conquistador?

Conquistadores = conquerors

What conquistador invaded Mesoamerica? What did he conquer?

Hernan Cortes representing Spain invaded Mesoamerica, and he conquered the Aztec Empire

What are the causes of the successes of conquistadores in the Americas?

1. Iron metallurgy to make iron weapons

2. Exploited difference amongst native peoples by creating alliance w/ native groups

3. Biological warfare/ germs including smallpox

4. Waited until they were weaken by diseases and population drop then Europeans would attack

What conquistador invaded South America? What did he conquer?

Francisco Pizarro representing Spain invaded South America, and he conquered the Inca Empire