BIO - NMAT

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Medicine

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327 Terms

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nucleus
double membraned sac that encloses a cell's DNA
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bacterium
member of single-celled organisms
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eukaryote
organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus
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protist
member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes
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homeostasis
Set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges
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growth
in multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells
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development
multistep process by which the first cell of a new multicelled organism gives rise to an adult
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reproduction
Process by which parents produce offspring
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inheritance
transmission of DNA to offspring
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energy
capacity to do work
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nutrient
substance that an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make for itself
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producer
Organism that makes its own food using energy and nonbiological raw materials from the environment
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photosynthesis
Process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water
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consumer
organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms
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atom
fundamental building block of all matter
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molecule
An association of two or more atoms
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cell
smallest unit of life
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organism
Individual that consists of one or more cells
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tissue
in multicellular organisims, a group of similar cells that carry out a common function
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organ
in multicelled organisms, a grouping of tissues engaged in a collective task
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organ system
in multicelled organisms, set of interacting organs that carry out a particular body function
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population
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
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community
all populations of all species in a given area
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ecosystem
A community interacting with its environment
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biosphere
All regions of Earth where organisms live
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fungus
type of eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by digestion and absorption outside the body
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plant
multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer
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animal
multicelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life cycle
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archean
member of a group of single-celled organisms that differ from bacteria
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species
Type of organism
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taxonomy
the science of naming and classifying organisms
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genus
a group of species that share a unique set of traits
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specific epithet
Second part of scientific name.
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taxon
Linnaean category; a grouping of organisms
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experimental group
in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment
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control group
in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn't receive the manipulation
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Scientific Method
Making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses
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atom
particle that is a fundamental building block of all matter
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proton
positively charged particle that occurs in the nucleus of an atom
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neutron
uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus
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electron
Negatively charged subatomic particle
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charge
electrical property. opposite charges attract, and like charges repel
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nucleus
core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons
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atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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element
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means
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periodic table
tabular arrangement of all known elements by their atomic number
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isotopes
Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry
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mass number
total number of protons and neutrons
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radioisotope
Isotope with an unstable nucleus
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radioactive decay
process by which an unstable element naturally changes into another stable element
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tracer
a molecule labelled with a detectable substance
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shell model
model of electron distribution in an atom
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ion
charged atom
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electronegativity
Measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms
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chemical bond
an attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact
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molecule
group of atoms bonded together
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compound
Group of molecules
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mixture
an intermingling of two or more types of molecules
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ionic bond
type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge
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covalent bond
chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons
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polarity
Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions.
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hydrogen bond
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
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solvent
Liquid substance that will dissolve another substance
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solute
A dissolved substance
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salt
compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water
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hydrophilic
Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water
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hydrophobic

Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water

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cohesion
Tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another
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evaporation
Transition of a liquid to a vapor
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temperature
Measure of molecular motion
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concentration
The number of molecules or ions per unit volume of a solution
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pH
measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid
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acid
substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
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base
substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water
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buffer
A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.
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hydrocarbon
Compound or region of one that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
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functional group
a group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound
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monomers
Molecules that are subunits of polymers
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polymer
molecule that consists of multiple monomers
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metabolism
All enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy
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enzyme
compound (usually a protein) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it
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condensation
process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms
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hydrolysis
process by which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and hydrogen atoms to the other
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carbohydrate
molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio
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lipid
fatty, oily, waxy organic compound
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fatty acid
organic compound that consists of a chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end
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fat
lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails
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triglyceride
A fat with three fatty acid tails
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phospholipid
A lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head. The main constituent of cell membranes.
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wax
Water-repellent lipid with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.
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steroid
type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
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protein
Organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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amino acid
small organic compound that is a subunit of proteins: consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a side group (R)
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peptide bond
a bond between amino acids
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polypeptide
Chain of amino acids
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denature
To unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule
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prion
infectious protein
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nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
nucleotide with two extra phosphate groups; main source of energy in living things
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nucleic acid
Single- or double-stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds e.g., DNA, RNA.