apush unit 4

Thomas Jefferson

3rd U.S. president; promoted limited government; completed the Louisiana Purchase.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal that doubled U.S. territory, bought from France.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson’s VP; dueled and killed Hamilton; involved in western conspiracy.

Lewis and Clark

Explorers of the Louisiana Territory; mapped the land and reached the Pacific.

Strict interpretation

Belief that the Constitution should be followed exactly as written.

John Marshall

Chief Justice who expanded federal power and established judicial review.

Judicial review

The Supreme Court’s power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

1803 case that established judicial review.

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case that ruled a state law unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Confirmed national supremacy and implied powers; states can’t tax the federal government.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Protected private contracts from state interference.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce.

Implied powers

Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but necessary to carry out expressed powers.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity during Monroe’s presidency.

James Monroe

5th president; issued Monroe Doctrine and oversaw the Era of Good Feelings.

Economic nationalism

Policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy.

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region over the entire country.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff designed to support U.S. manufacturing.

Protective tariff

A tax on imports to encourage domestic production.

Henry Clay

Congressman known for the American System and Missouri Compromise.

American System

Henry Clay’s plan to promote economic growth

Second Bank of the United States

Rechartered in 1816 to stabilize the economy.

Panic of 1819

Economic depression caused by overspeculation and tight credit.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed gradual end to slavery in Missouri; rejected in Congress.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Missouri as slave state, Maine as free, and banned slavery north of 36°30′.

War hawks

Young congressmen who pushed for war with Britain in 1812.

John C. Calhoun

War hawk and later a key supporter of states’ rights and nullification.

“Quids”

Old-school Democratic-Republicans critical of Jefferson’s actions.

Hartford Convention (1814)

Federalist meeting opposing the War of 1812; seen as disloyal and hurt the party.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who tried to form a Native American confederacy.

Prophet

Tecumseh’s brother; religious leader who called for Native revival.

William Henry Harrison

Governor of Indiana who defeated Native forces at Tippecanoe.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 battle where Harrison crushed Native resistance.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who sold the Louisiana Territory and influenced U.S. foreign policy.

Barbary pirates

North African raiders who attacked U.S. ships; Jefferson refused to pay tribute.

Neutrality

U.S. policy to stay out of European conflicts.

Impressment

British practice of seizing American sailors into their navy.

Chesapeake-Leopard affair

British attack on an American ship that increased anti-British feelings.

Embargo Act (1807)

Jefferson’s ban on foreign trade; backfired and hurt U.S. economy.

James Madison

4th president; led the nation during the War of 1812.

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Reopened trade with nations other than Britain and France.

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

Reopened trade and promised to cut off one nation if the other respected U.S. neutrality.

War of 1812

War with Britain over trade, impressment, and Native conflicts.

“Old Ironsides”

Nickname for the USS Constitution, famous War of 1812 ship.

Battle of Lake Erie

Key naval victory by the U.S. during the War of 1812.

Oliver Hazard Perry

U.S. naval officer who led victory at Lake Erie.

Battle of the Thames

U.S. win where Tecumseh was killed.

Thomas Macdonough

Won naval victory at Lake Champlain in War of 1812.

Battle of Lake Champlain

Stopped British invasion from Canada.

Andrew Jackson

War hero of the Battle of New Orleans; later became 7th president.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

Jackson’s victory over the Creek Nation in 1814.

Creek Nation

Native American group defeated by Jackson at Horseshoe Bend.

Battle of New Orleans

Major U.S. victory after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 with no land changes.

Stephen Decatur

U.S. naval officer who led attacks against Barbary pirates.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

U.S.-British agreement to demilitarize the Great Lakes.

Treaty of 1818

U.S.-Britain treaty allowing joint occupation of Oregon and setting the northern U.S. boundary at the 49th parallel.

Andrew Jackson

Invaded Florida; his actions led to the Florida Purchase Treaty.

Florida Purchase Treaty (1819)

Spain ceded Florida to the U.S.; U.S. gave up claims to Texas.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” during the War of 1812.

“The Star-Spangled Banner”

National anthem inspired by the Battle of Fort McHenry.

Lancaster Turnpike

First long-distance paved road in the U.S.; helped promote trade.

National (Cumberland) Road

Federally funded road connecting Maryland to Illinois.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow, making farming the Midwest more efficient.

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper, boosting agricultural productivity.

Erie Canal

Man-made waterway connecting the Hudson River to the Great Lakes; promoted trade and settlement.

Robert Fulton; steamboats

Invented the steamboat, improving river transportation.

Railroads

Revolutionized land transportation; linked markets and spurred growth.

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse; allowed rapid communication across distances.

Eli Whitney; interchangeable parts

Invented standard parts for mass production; revolutionized industry.

Corporations

Businesses with legal rights of individuals; allowed for large-scale investment.

Samuel Slater

Brought British textile manufacturing techniques to America.

Factory system

Manufacturing based on machines and division of labor in centralized locations.

Lowell System; textile mills

Factory system using young women in Massachusetts mills.

Unions

Workers’ organizations that fought for better wages and working conditions.

Cotton gin

Invention by Eli Whitney that made cotton processing faster and expanded slavery.

Market revolution

Economic transformation involving industrial growth, transportation improvements, and shift to wage labor.

Old Northwest

Region north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River; key area for expansion.

Urban life

Growth of cities with industrialization; often overcrowded and unsanitary.

New cities

Rapidly growing urban centers along transportation routes and canals.

Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand production to machines and factory work.

Unions

See above; organized labor groups pushing for reforms.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 case legalizing labor unions and peaceful strikes.

Ten-hour workday

Labor reform movement demanding shorter workdays

Common man

Political ideal celebrating the average white male citizen; central to Jacksonian democracy.

Universal White male suffrage

Voting rights extended to all white men regardless of property ownership.

Party nominating convention

Replaced caucuses; allowed broader participation in selecting candidates.

“King Caucus”

Old system where party leaders selected presidential candidates without public input.

Popular election of president

Allowed voters, not legislatures, to choose presidential electors.

Anti-Masonic Party

Third party that opposed Freemasonry and promoted moral reform.

Workingmen’s Party

Political party advocating for labor rights and social reforms.

Popular campaigning

Strategy using mass rallies, slogans, and appeals to emotions to attract voters.

Spoils system

Practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

Rotation in office

Jacksonian policy of limiting office terms to open jobs to more people.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law that forced Native Americans to relocate west of the Mississippi.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Supreme Court case ruling that the Cherokee had no standing to sue.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court ruling that Georgia laws didn’t apply to Cherokee territory.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Cherokee to Oklahoma; thousands died on the journey.

Great Plains

Vast western lands where many Native Americans were relocated.