APES Chpt 8: Review

definitions, concepts, and more on CHPT 8 for APES :)

Population

all individuals living on a planet at a given time.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to women during their lifetime.

Replacement Level Fertility

The average number of children couples must have to replace themselves.(this equals 2.1)

Percent Annual Growth (PAG)

the percent change in the population after 1 year

Birth Rate

The number of live births per 1,000 people (male + female).

Death Rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people (male + female).

Immigration

the act of entering a region or country in which a person did not previously live.

Emigration

the act of leaving a region or country in which a person has lived in.

Urbanization

an increase in the % and the number of people living in urban settlements.

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of individuals 1 year of age or younger who die per 1000 people.

Doubling time

the time it takes for a population to double in size (70/R) (R = percent annual growth rate)

Demographic Transition Graph

Pre-Industrial: BR and DR are high

Transitional: DR declines due to an increased good population and improved medical care. BR remains high

Industrial: BR declined due to increased opportunities for women and access to BC. DR continues to decline.

Post-Industrial: BR and DR are low because of low medical care and food availability

IPAT Model

The model identifies the population size, affluence, and technology factors of ecological impact. You can find a population's general environmental impact.

Thomas Malthus ideas

populations grow EXPONENTIALLY. food resources grow LINEARLY. leads to starvation. "Population will outgrow foody supply"

How the average ecological footprint of a country and the total size of the population affects the environmental condition of a region?

Affects: because of the IPATT model (population x affluence x technology) increases, the impacts increases. The impact (footprint) is how much land and water is required to sustain a population. So low footprint and low population means low envir impact. High foot print and high population means high envir impact.

Describe the rate of growth for humans over the last 100,000 years. When have most people been added to the world's population

The rate of growth is exponential. This is due to the acceleration with agricultural revolution and industri

Density Dependent

Limiting factors that depend on population size. Does not affect small, scattered populations.

ex: disease, competition

Density Indepedent

factors that affect the population regardless of their size

ex: unusual weather, season cycles, human activities

generalist species

broad niche, live in many different areas, eat a variety of food, tolerate wide ranges of environmental conditions

ex: opossum

specialist species

narrow niche may only live in one type of habitat, few types of foods they can eat, can tolerate a narrow range of environmental conditions

ex: koala

k-selected species

k = carrying capacity

organisms live in stable environments
usually in large sizes
mature slowly but live loner
a lot of energy is invested in offspring
usually are predators (elephants, apes, bears, etc)
long lifespan (type 1 curve)
graph: S shaped curve

r-selected species

r = biotic potential

organisms live in changeable environments
usually live in small in size and mature quickly
usually are prey organisms
produce high # of offspring
little to no parental care
short life span (type 3 curve)
graph: J shaped curve

How preindustrial BR and DR compare to BR and DR of industrialized countries

BR and DR ijn the pre-industrial stage are high and are balanced. In the industrialized stage, BR remains high but starts to slow down but DR is decreasing rapidly due to the transitional stage

Survivorship Curve

survivorship: the amount of a population that remains alive at a certain age

type 1 curve - shows individuals that have a high probability of surviving through early and middle life but have a rapid decline in the number of individuals surviving into late life (ex: elephants)

type 2 curve - in between r and k strategists (ex: squirrel)

type 3: species where few individuals will live to adulthood and die as they get older (ex: trees)

y axis: survivorship
x axis: age

Why can't populations sustain infinite rizz i mean growth

when the # of individuals gets large enough it reaches carrying capacoty so resources get depleted, which slows the GR

ecological footprint

the number of natural resources a population requires to survive

GR equation (population growth)

GR = (BR + IR) - (DR+ ER)

BR: birth rate
DR: death rate
IR: immigration rate
ER: emigration rate

positive feedback loop

Causes a system to change further in the same direction. Example: melting of Arctic sea ice

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving. Example: reproduction --> overgrazing --> less reproduction

reasons for GR

technological innovations, improved sanitation, better medical care, increased agriculture

age structure

rapid growth: severe curve, lots of young people, high reproductive rate (ex: Nigeria, Kenya, Saudi Arabia)

slow growth: stable growth, very balanced age groups (ex: United States, United Kingdom)

zero growth: way more older people compared to younger people, lower reproductive rate (ex: Denmark, Italy, Austria)