CLWH Chapter 11

part one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLN8wmgT1kU part two: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfjRmhRU04U

Who attacked the Roman Catholic church practices?

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Indulgences

Preferential pardons for charitable donors, given by either you or someone you know

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The biggest issue Martin Luther attacked

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**(simple terms if you give the church a certain amount of money you could buy for your sin to be forgiven)**

What was Martin Luther’s view on the Catholic Church?

He found them corruptive and did not agree with indulgences even though he was a monk.

What is The Ninety-five Theses?

A list of propositions with the concern of indulgences written by Martin Luther. With the new printing technology they were rapidly reproduced.

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Made people question the Pope Leo X’s authority

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Very influencial because Luther was very well informed and knew how to read the bible (which not many people could do at the time) was questioning the church which nobody should be able to question.

What did Johannes Gutenberg do?

invented the printing press in Europe and started the printing revolution

What did Pope Leo X do to Martin Luther?

He excommunicated (kicked) Martin Luther

What did Martin Luther and his followers believe in when it came to the church’s political involvement?

The church was too involved with politics and always meddled around with things that would help out the church such as wealth, power, foster, greed, and corruption.

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They were too involved with treaties and negotiations and land and some popes even went into battle to fight wars. They were too involved in politics, too rich, too influential on people, and too corrupted.

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*Ex. Vatican church was being built which had beautiful golden stuctures and paintings and Luther argued why so much money was being put into this church instead of being given to the poor.*

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( **I don’t think we need to know this but added it just in case** Luther argued that Jesus was a homeless preacher who wandered around the countryside teaching people and believed that god did not want you to be rich but rather be abundant in love and charity and care for your neighbors which was the opposite of what the catholic church was showing)

Priest Brothels

An example of corruption with the Roman Catholic church

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The Bible states that all Priest should NOT be married however many priest found ways to get around this by going to a house where they visit prostitutes.

What criticism did the church face?

More personal involvement with the divine

closure of monasteries

Luther’s expanded critique

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a place where a priest would go and lock themselves away and study the bible or pray which removes them from society *(barrier between those who were more holy or the priest and the laity or the normal catholic people)*

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this would lead the priest to understand what it would mean to be apart of the people

Translations of Bible in vernacular (Luther’s expanded critique)

translating the bible from latin to the language of the people

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argued that if normal people could understand the bible then their lives could be enriched by being able to understand it and read it.

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having the bible be in latin only a small group of people are able to understand and read the bible which shows the church controlling the knowledge of people

end of priestly authority (Luther’s expanded critique)

priest (middle man) and pope (especially) had too much authority and Luther argues that God is the only one who could forgive sin

returned of the bibical text (Luther’s expanded critique)

The Bible should have ultimate authority over the Catholic Church

What did the German princes in relation to the Catholic church?

They take interest in Luther since the Catholic Church is always meddling their business.

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They started asserting their power and realizing that they do not need support from the Catholic church

Which countries begin to follow Germany?

Switzerland and low countries (Netherlands and Belgium)

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ask the same questions and look at the catholic church in a different light

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Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary also experience reformed movements

King Henry VIII

has a conflict with the pope over a requested divorce and formms his own church (1560) called the **Anglican Church**

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the first time the Church (one of the biggest influence on all the people) was actually being challenged in its authority because the church was being split

John Calvin

codifies Protestant teachings while being exiled in Geneva

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focuses on **predestination: some people are called to follow Jesus while some people are not**

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in france he was influencial

What is the biggest difference between Catholicism, and Lutherism?

**Catholicism:** The head of the church is the Pope he is the center authority when it comes to the matters of the doctrine

**Lutheranism:** election of councils that should have local representatives governing churches and should be allowed to elect within their own congregations and communities and all people should have a say whether or not they should be the leaders of the group

Catholic Reformation

also known as the counter Reformation

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Roman Catholic church reacts and notices and kicks Luther out but then realizes he might be right

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they try to refine their doctrine and change their missionary activities in the attempts to renew spiritual activity

Council of Trent

1545-1563

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periodic meetings to discuss reform

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very controversial

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many practices that we do in the Catholic church comes from this council and corrects some of the injustices of the Catholic church

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

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knight or a warrior that converses to Christianity and becomes a monk

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rigorous religious and secular education (people should be taught and get an education)

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Catholic colleges

Witch Hunts

the most prominent regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants

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late 15 century

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belief in devil and human assistants

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majority of victims were woman called “strange” (single, widowed) which were held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages

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110k put on trial 45k put to death

What war happens in France

Protestants and Roman Catholics fight

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1562-1598

Who attacks England in 1588?

Phillip II of Spain to force the return of Catholicism

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The English destroys Spanish ships by sending flaming unmanned ships into the fleet

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Netherlands rebel Spain and gain independence

Thirty Years’ War causes

holy roman emperor attempts to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic church

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all of europe becomes involved

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political and economic issues involved

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germany was the battle grounds

Emperor Charles V

attempts to revive the Holy Roman Empire as a strong center of Europe through marriage and political alliances

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does not work

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he retires and becomes a monk in Spain

Who suffered the most in the Thirty Years’ War

about one third of the German population was destroyed do to famine, diseases, and the war

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What makes Europe different from countries such as China or India

does not develop as a single empire rather they develop as individual states

What was Italy’s view in everything that has happened?

became a well-developed economic power through trade, manufacturing, and finance

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left alone because they’re catholic

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good trade due to being a peninsula

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Naples become one of the most important trading centers in the world of Europe due to the connection of the Indian Ocean trade

Why did England, france, and Spain surge ahead in the sixteenth century

innovated new tax revenues

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ex. **England:** Henry VIII fines and fees for royal services took land from the church to provide more money for the government and control larger parts of his country without the control of the government

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F**rance:** Louis XI, Francis I taxed on sales ESPECIALLY SALT

Spanish Inquisition

founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478

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in Spain you would have to be catholic if you were not catholic (Judaism or Islam and eventually Protestants) they would find you and imprison, execute, or torture you

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intimidated nobles who viewed themselves as Protestantism

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archbishop of toledo imprisoned

What institutions of popular representation did England and the Netherlands develop

**England:** constitutional monarchy (king/queen abiding by the laws)

**Netherlands**: republic (people vote for representatives who vote for laws)

English Civil War

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1642-1649

began with opposition to royal taxes (king should not just be able to raise taxes)

religious disagreements: Anglican church favors complex rituals, complex church hierarchy which was opposed by Calvinist Puritans

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King Charles I and the parliamentary armies fight against the Calvinist Puritans but the king loses and gets beheaded

Glorious Revolution

1688-1689

Puritans take over and becomes a dictatorship

monarchy was restored in 1660 where the fighting resumes but resolves with a bloodless coup

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after king james II was gone his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange took the throne and shared governance between the crown and parliament

House of Tudor 

Elizabeth I (1558-1603) 

House of Stuart 

James I (1603-25) 

Charles I (1625-49) - English Civil War 

The Commonwealth 

Oliver Cromwell (1649-58) - republic w/ absolute power 

Richard Cromwell (1658-59) - son 

House of Stuart, Restored 

Charles II (1660-85) - Catholic French connection 

James II (1685-88) - Upset Anglican establishment, promised tolerance for Catholics and Protestant Dissenters 

House of Orange and Stuart 

William III, Mary II (1689-1702) - son-in-law and daughter of James II 

Dutch Republic

King Philip II of Spain attempts to suppress Calvinist in the Netherlands in 1567

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rebellion follows where Netherlands declares independence (1581)

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base their government off a representative parliamentary system (people wanted a government that represents them and not an abuse of power)

Theory of divine right of kings

God oversaw all things in life and since God made the King, only God can judge the King and we cannot fight back the King or question him

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idea of absolute monarchies: whatever the king said was not questioned

What was absolute monarchies inspired by

French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu who was the chief minister to King Louis XIII who was too young to run the government at the time

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destroyed castles of nobles and crushed aristocratic conspiracies

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built bureaucracy (design to give the king a sense of absolute power) bureaucrats come around and tell people what to do since the King lives far away and does not interact with the people

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ruthlessly attack Calvinist in an effort to root out Protestantism

Who is the Sun King

Louis XIV (nice calves)

famous saying: “The State-- that’s me”

What did the Sun King believe in?

absolute monarchy and the Divine Right of Kings

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power of governance the power of the people are rooted in him and he is the government

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no france without him he is france (idk)

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built palace at Versailles (1670s) which became the largest building in Europe with a lot of fountains and trees

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powered centered in the court and important nobles were pressured to maintain a presence

absolutism in russia

embraced by Spanish, Austrian, and Prussian Rulers

Tsars of Romanov dynasty (1613-1617)

What did Peter I (the great) do?

travelled through Europe

worked to modernize Russia based of the Western Europeans

* developed a modern Russian army
* reformed Russians government bureaucracy
* demanded strict changes in military fashion like no beards

what did Catherine II (the great)

known as the enlightenment ruler

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divided empires into provinces and worked to improve peasantry

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huge military expansion

Partitions of Poland (1772-1797)

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she tried to install a reform to stop resistance with peasantry but instead sparkles the Pugachev’s peasant rebellion

What happened with the European State system?

no imperial authority to mediate regional disputes

Peace of Westphalia

1648

European states are recognized as sovereign and equal

religious and other domestic affairs protected

Seven Year War

(1756-1763)

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where the states all fought against eachother for power which showed rapid growth in military technology such as guns, cannons, and artillery

why does epidemic disease become insignificant?

better nutrition (such as the potato)

body resist to germs due to a stronger immune system (better diet)

what benefits came out of the Columbian exchange?

rapidly growing population and the role of the potato

early capitalism

private parties offer goods and services on a free market (not ran by the government)

what develops in the early modern period

banks, stock exchange

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joint stock companies

what happened as rural life transitions to urban life

improved access to manufactured goods

increasing opportunities in urban centers began depletion of rural populations

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nuclear families (immediately family) are replaced with extended families (interact more with grandparents or cousins)

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gender changes as woman start working

adam smith

1723-1790 capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole

what major social changes increases poverty in sectors of europe

rise in crime

witch hunting a possible consequence of capitalist tension and gender roles