Studied by 21 people
part one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLN8wmgT1kU part two: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfjRmhRU04U
Who attacked the Roman Catholic church practices?
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Indulgences
Preferential pardons for charitable donors, given by either you or someone you know
The biggest issue Martin Luther attacked
(simple terms if you give the church a certain amount of money you could buy for your sin to be forgiven)
What was Martin Luther’s view on the Catholic Church?
He found them corruptive and did not agree with indulgences even though he was a monk.
What is The Ninety-five Theses?
A list of propositions with the concern of indulgences written by Martin Luther. With the new printing technology they were rapidly reproduced.
Made people question the Pope Leo X’s authority
Very influencial because Luther was very well informed and knew how to read the bible (which not many people could do at the time) was questioning the church which nobody should be able to question.
What did Johannes Gutenberg do?
invented the printing press in Europe and started the printing revolution
What did Pope Leo X do to Martin Luther?
He excommunicated (kicked) Martin Luther
What did Martin Luther and his followers believe in when it came to the church’s political involvement?
The church was too involved with politics and always meddled around with things that would help out the church such as wealth, power, foster, greed, and corruption.
They were too involved with treaties and negotiations and land and some popes even went into battle to fight wars. They were too involved in politics, too rich, too influential on people, and too corrupted.
Ex. Vatican church was being built which had beautiful golden stuctures and paintings and Luther argued why so much money was being put into this church instead of being given to the poor.
( I don’t think we need to know this but added it just in case Luther argued that Jesus was a homeless preacher who wandered around the countryside teaching people and believed that god did not want you to be rich but rather be abundant in love and charity and care for your neighbors which was the opposite of what the catholic church was showing)
Priest Brothels
An example of corruption with the Roman Catholic church
The Bible states that all Priest should NOT be married however many priest found ways to get around this by going to a house where they visit prostitutes.
What criticism did the church face?
More personal involvement with the divine
closure of monasteries
Luther’s expanded critique
a place where a priest would go and lock themselves away and study the bible or pray which removes them from society (barrier between those who were more holy or the priest and the laity or the normal catholic people)
this would lead the priest to understand what it would mean to be apart of the people
Translations of Bible in vernacular (Luther’s expanded critique)
translating the bible from latin to the language of the people
argued that if normal people could understand the bible then their lives could be enriched by being able to understand it and read it.
having the bible be in latin only a small group of people are able to understand and read the bible which shows the church controlling the knowledge of people
end of priestly authority (Luther’s expanded critique)
priest (middle man) and pope (especially) had too much authority and Luther argues that God is the only one who could forgive sin
returned of the bibical text (Luther’s expanded critique)
The Bible should have ultimate authority over the Catholic Church
What did the German princes in relation to the Catholic church?
They take interest in Luther since the Catholic Church is always meddling their business.
They started asserting their power and realizing that they do not need support from the Catholic church
Which countries begin to follow Germany?
Switzerland and low countries (Netherlands and Belgium)
ask the same questions and look at the catholic church in a different light
Scotland, Netherlands, Hungary also experience reformed movements
King Henry VIII
has a conflict with the pope over a requested divorce and formms his own church (1560) called the Anglican Church
the first time the Church (one of the biggest influence on all the people) was actually being challenged in its authority because the church was being split
John Calvin
codifies Protestant teachings while being exiled in Geneva
focuses on predestination: some people are called to follow Jesus while some people are not
in france he was influencial
What is the biggest difference between Catholicism, and Lutherism?
Catholicism: The head of the church is the Pope he is the center authority when it comes to the matters of the doctrine
Lutheranism: election of councils that should have local representatives governing churches and should be allowed to elect within their own congregations and communities and all people should have a say whether or not they should be the leaders of the group
Catholic Reformation
also known as the counter Reformation
Roman Catholic church reacts and notices and kicks Luther out but then realizes he might be right
they try to refine their doctrine and change their missionary activities in the attempts to renew spiritual activity
Council of Trent
1545-1563
periodic meetings to discuss reform
very controversial
many practices that we do in the Catholic church comes from this council and corrects some of the injustices of the Catholic church
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
knight or a warrior that converses to Christianity and becomes a monk
rigorous religious and secular education (people should be taught and get an education)
Catholic colleges
Witch Hunts
the most prominent regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants
late 15 century
belief in devil and human assistants
majority of victims were woman called “strange” (single, widowed) which were held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages
110k put on trial 45k put to death
What war happens in France
Protestants and Roman Catholics fight
1562-1598
Who attacks England in 1588?
Phillip II of Spain to force the return of Catholicism
The English destroys Spanish ships by sending flaming unmanned ships into the fleet
Netherlands rebel Spain and gain independence
Thirty Years’ War causes
holy roman emperor attempts to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic church
all of europe becomes involved
political and economic issues involved
germany was the battle grounds
Emperor Charles V
attempts to revive the Holy Roman Empire as a strong center of Europe through marriage and political alliances
does not work
he retires and becomes a monk in Spain
Who suffered the most in the Thirty Years’ War
about one third of the German population was destroyed do to famine, diseases, and the war
What makes Europe different from countries such as China or India
does not develop as a single empire rather they develop as individual states
What was Italy’s view in everything that has happened?
became a well-developed economic power through trade, manufacturing, and finance
left alone because they’re catholic
good trade due to being a peninsula
Naples become one of the most important trading centers in the world of Europe due to the connection of the Indian Ocean trade
Why did England, france, and Spain surge ahead in the sixteenth century
innovated new tax revenues
ex. England: Henry VIII fines and fees for royal services took land from the church to provide more money for the government and control larger parts of his country without the control of the government
France: Louis XI, Francis I taxed on sales ESPECIALLY SALT
Spanish Inquisition
founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478
in Spain you would have to be catholic if you were not catholic (Judaism or Islam and eventually Protestants) they would find you and imprison, execute, or torture you
intimidated nobles who viewed themselves as Protestantism
archbishop of toledo imprisoned
What institutions of popular representation did England and the Netherlands develop
England: constitutional monarchy (king/queen abiding by the laws)
Netherlands: republic (people vote for representatives who vote for laws)
English Civil War
1642-1649
began with opposition to royal taxes (king should not just be able to raise taxes)
religious disagreements: Anglican church favors complex rituals, complex church hierarchy which was opposed by Calvinist Puritans
King Charles I and the parliamentary armies fight against the Calvinist Puritans but the king loses and gets beheaded
Glorious Revolution
1688-1689
Puritans take over and becomes a dictatorship
monarchy was restored in 1660 where the fighting resumes but resolves with a bloodless coup
after king james II was gone his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange took the throne and shared governance between the crown and parliament
House of Tudor
Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
House of Stuart
James I (1603-25)
Charles I (1625-49) - English Civil War
The Commonwealth
Oliver Cromwell (1649-58) - republic w/ absolute power
Richard Cromwell (1658-59) - son
House of Stuart, Restored
Charles II (1660-85) - Catholic French connection
James II (1685-88) - Upset Anglican establishment, promised tolerance for Catholics and Protestant Dissenters
House of Orange and Stuart
William III, Mary II (1689-1702) - son-in-law and daughter of James II
Dutch Republic
King Philip II of Spain attempts to suppress Calvinist in the Netherlands in 1567
rebellion follows where Netherlands declares independence (1581)
base their government off a representative parliamentary system (people wanted a government that represents them and not an abuse of power)
Theory of divine right of kings
God oversaw all things in life and since God made the King, only God can judge the King and we cannot fight back the King or question him
idea of absolute monarchies: whatever the king said was not questioned
What was absolute monarchies inspired by
French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu who was the chief minister to King Louis XIII who was too young to run the government at the time
destroyed castles of nobles and crushed aristocratic conspiracies
built bureaucracy (design to give the king a sense of absolute power) bureaucrats come around and tell people what to do since the King lives far away and does not interact with the people
ruthlessly attack Calvinist in an effort to root out Protestantism
Who is the Sun King
Louis XIV (nice calves)
famous saying: “The State-- that’s me”
What did the Sun King believe in?
absolute monarchy and the Divine Right of Kings
power of governance the power of the people are rooted in him and he is the government
no france without him he is france (idk)
built palace at Versailles (1670s) which became the largest building in Europe with a lot of fountains and trees
powered centered in the court and important nobles were pressured to maintain a presence
absolutism in russia
embraced by Spanish, Austrian, and Prussian Rulers
Tsars of Romanov dynasty (1613-1617)
What did Peter I (the great) do?
travelled through Europe
worked to modernize Russia based of the Western Europeans
developed a modern Russian army
reformed Russians government bureaucracy
demanded strict changes in military fashion like no beards
what did Catherine II (the great)
known as the enlightenment ruler
divided empires into provinces and worked to improve peasantry
huge military expansion
Partitions of Poland (1772-1797)
she tried to install a reform to stop resistance with peasantry but instead sparkles the Pugachev’s peasant rebellion
What happened with the European State system?
no imperial authority to mediate regional disputes
Peace of Westphalia
1648
European states are recognized as sovereign and equal
religious and other domestic affairs protected
Seven Year War
(1756-1763)
where the states all fought against eachother for power which showed rapid growth in military technology such as guns, cannons, and artillery
why does epidemic disease become insignificant?
better nutrition (such as the potato)
body resist to germs due to a stronger immune system (better diet)
what benefits came out of the Columbian exchange?
rapidly growing population and the role of the potato
early capitalism
private parties offer goods and services on a free market (not ran by the government)
what develops in the early modern period
banks, stock exchange
joint stock companies
what happened as rural life transitions to urban life
improved access to manufactured goods
increasing opportunities in urban centers began depletion of rural populations
nuclear families (immediately family) are replaced with extended families (interact more with grandparents or cousins)
gender changes as woman start working
adam smith
1723-1790 capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole
what major social changes increases poverty in sectors of europe
rise in crime
witch hunting a possible consequence of capitalist tension and gender roles
Note 
Flashcard (96)