patho quiz 8

what are the risk factors for vaginal infections when a woman is on antibiotics?

antibiotics are used to kill bacteria that cause the infection but it can also kill the beneficial bacteria that is needed in the body such as the vagina which is one of the risk factors that may cause vaginal infections to worsen while taking care of it

what is the purpose of the inflammatory process?

it is basically an response in the body that is in defense mode while trying to protect higher organisms from injury and infection which is part of the body’s healing process when sick or injured.

usually includes the response of protecting affected area, localizing and eliminating, recruiting immune cells, and swelling

what are opportunistic infections?

they are infections that occur more than once or often that may be more severe in people with weakened immune systems than those that have healthy ones

usually occurs to those that have HIV

neutrophils function

to fight against bacterial and fungal infections plus foreign debris which also helps in healing injuries

eosinophils function

to fight against parasitic infections and help basophils with allergic rxns

what is healing by both primary and secondary intention?

primary: healing happens when the wound edges are approximated (usually the help of skin held by sutures, staples, or glue)

secondary: healing takes place when the wound edges can’t be approximated and the wound needs to heal from the bottom

what is a diet that will help in promoting wound healing?

having a diet that consist a variety of protein, zinc, vitamin C, fluids, controlling blood sugar, green leafy vegetables

eg. chicken, cabbage, spinach, dairy foods, tofu, strawberries, oranges

s/s associated with the inflammatory process

skin: discoloration or flushed skin, hot to the touch, rashes

pain/swelling: mild pain or tenderness in the area of injury

loss of function: inability to use a part of the body as a normal range of motion

abd: bloating, cramps, gas, constipation, or loose stool

insulin resistance: inflammation affects the way insulin works in the body possible leads to high blood sugar, tingling feet, and increased thirst and tiredness

active immunity and examples

type of immunity that occurs when the body’s immune system produces antibodies to fight a disease organism after being exposed to it

eg. vaccinations

types of antibodies

IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA

IgG

most abundant antibody which is secreted by the plasma cells in the blood and is able to cross the placenta into the fetus

IgM

usually attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into the blood which is responsible for the early stages of immunity

IgE

helps to protect against parasitic worms and responsible for allergic rxns

IgA

found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk and helps protect against pathogens

what is immunity in older adults?

known as immunosenescence

people in older age have their immune system undergo changes that can make them less effective

involves slower response, fewer immune cells, poor communication with other cells, macrophages destroy bacteria more slowly, immune system has less ability to distinguish self from nonself

types of blood

A, AB, B, O

antibodies in blood type A

antibodies in blood type AB

has both antigen A and B but no antibodies

antibodies in blood type O

has no antigens on RBC’s but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma

attenuated antigens

weakened virus copies of the live virus

inactive antigens

made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or bacteria

viral vaccines

trains with the immune system with dead or weaken form of viruses which later on need to be updated based on the mutations of their genetic material in order to survive in the body

bacterial vaccines

contains killed or weaken bacteria that activates the immune systems which has antibodies built against particular bacteria and later on prevents bacterial infection

anaphylaxis

severe whole-body life threatening allergic reaction to chemical or specific allergens

risk factors of anaphylaxis

allergies, asthma, skin condition, atopic eczema, previous anaphylaxis Hx

s/s of anaphylaxis

dyspnea, shallow breathing, swelling of tongue throat mouth eyes lips, raised red rashes, hives, NVD

complications of anaphylaxis

blocked airways, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, anaphylactic shock

tx for anaphylaxis

epi-pens, IV antihistamines, beta agonists, oxygen

nursing interventions for anaphylaxis

avoids triggers such as foods and medications, carry emergency meds like epi-pens, wearing medical ID tag

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in connective tissues all throughout the body

risk factors of SLE

sex (more in females), age, race (more in african amer., hispanics, asian amer.), family Hx, hormones

s/s of SLE

butterfly skin rash on face, skin lesions, joint pain, dry eyes, headaches, confusion, raynaud’s disease, hair loss, chest pain, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss

complications of SLE

MI, bone fractures, myocarditis, kidney failure, dry eyes, pleuritis, infection, stroke, pregnancy

Tx for SLE

immunosuppressants, antimalarials, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, biologics

nursing interventions for SLE

assessment to see any further s/s as well as monitoring their mental and physical health, minimizing exposure to UV lighting, pain management, nutritional meal plans on smaller portions, exercise, sun protection, no smoking

DiGeorge syndrome

genetic disorder that occurs to the deletion or missing part of chromosome 22

risk factors of DiGeorge syndrome

cleft palate or speech/hearing problems, autoimmune disorder, congential heart defects

s/s of DiGeorge syndrome

facial features, speech, stature, learning disabilities, infection, body spasms, thyroid and thymus abnormalities

complications of DiGeorge syndrome

kidney problems, hormone abnormalities, dyspnea, scoliosis, low WBC production, infection, seizures, autism, attention-deficit disorder, CHD, TOF, underdeveloped thymus

Tx for DiGeorge syndrome

physiotherapy for problems with strength and movement, podiatry, orthoses for leg pain, surgery

nursing interventions for DiGeorge syndrome

drugs for seizures or neurological conditions, special education programs to address challenges, genetic testing, OT, calcium supp for low calcium levels, antibiotics if there is infection

wiskott-aldrich syndrome

rare genetic disorder affecting the immune system caused by a mutation on X chromosome impairing immunity and bleeding with skin flare ups from eczema

risk factors of wiskott-aldrich syndrome

boys inheriting gene more than girls, abnormal bleeding, reduced immunity, increased risk for cancer, infections

s/s of wiscott-aldrich syndrome

petechiae, prolonged bleedings, bruising, nose bleed, internal bleeding, brain bleeds, dark/tarry stools (melena), hematemesis, eczema

complications of wiscott-aldrich syndrome

thrombocytopenia, weakened immune system, eczema

Tx for wiscott-aldrich syndrome

allogenic bone marrow transplant, topical steroid creams, antibiotics for bacterial infections, meds for bleeding episodes, immunosuppressive therapy, splenectomy, gene therapy

nursing interventions for wiscott-aldrich syndrome

taking precautions to prevent bleeding and injury, moisturizing and steroid creams for eczema, wearing helmets to avoid head trauma, avoiding activities that can cause trauma to body

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

virus that weakens and attacks body’s immune system by destroying the infection fighting the CD4 cells (T-lymphocytes)

risk factors for HIV

unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, anal sex, substance use or sharing needles, STI’s like syphilis and herpes, blood transfusions, tissue transplants

s/s of HIV

fever, muscle pains, headache, sore throat, night sweats, mouth sores, thrush, swollen lymph glands, diarrhea

complications of HIV

coma, behavioral changes, anxiety and depression, shingles, dysphagia, vision loss, problems with bladder control and/or sexual functioning, MI

Tx for HIV

antiretroviral therapy (ART) and monitor for s/e

nursing interventions for HIV

promoting skin integrity, hand-washing, practicing safe sex, pre- and post- exposure prophylaxis, vaccinations, importance of tx, monitoring for infection and labs, support system for individual

what are the different types of hypersensitivity

type i: rxn mediated by IgE antibodies

type ii: cytotoxic rxn mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies

type iii: rxn mediated by immune complexes

type iv: delayed rxn mediated by cellular response

t-helper cell function

help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes

factors that contribute to poor wound healing

diabetes, obesity, malnutrition, smoking, ETOH use, lack of physical exercise, edema, necrosis, dehydration, NSAID’s, radiation and chemotherapy

active immunity

body’s immune system protects individual from pathogens and makes its own antibodies

passive immunity

occurs when individual is already protected by immunity from someone else where they receive pre-made antibodies

antigenic shift V. antigenic drift

antigenic shift: sudden onset of a new virus through abrupt changes

antigenic drift: gradual change in the genetic makeup of a virus

MHCi V. MHCii

MHC I: expressed more all over the place

MHC II: expressed on immune cells such as B cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells as epithelial cells follow inflammatory signals

mutualism v. parasitism

mutualism: beneficial interactions between members of the same of different species

parasitism: one species benefits while one is harmed

what of the different types of transplant rejection?

hyperacute: occurs within minutes or hours after the transplant when the recipient has antibodies against the donor’s antigens

acute: occurs days or weeks after transplant which is caused by the recipient’s lymphocytes recognizing donor’s antigens leading to T-cell activation and damage to organs

chronic: occurs months or years after transplant where this could be associated with previous acute rejection episodes, inadequate immunosuppression, delayed graft function