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what are the risk factors for vaginal infections when a woman is on antibiotics?
antibiotics are used to kill bacteria that cause the infection but it can also kill the beneficial bacteria that is needed in the body such as the vagina which is one of the risk factors that may cause vaginal infections to worsen while taking care of it
what is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
it is basically an response in the body that is in defense mode while trying to protect higher organisms from injury and infection which is part of the body’s healing process when sick or injured.
usually includes the response of protecting affected area, localizing and eliminating, recruiting immune cells, and swelling
what are opportunistic infections?
they are infections that occur more than once or often that may be more severe in people with weakened immune systems than those that have healthy ones
usually occurs to those that have HIV
neutrophils function
to fight against bacterial and fungal infections plus foreign debris which also helps in healing injuries
eosinophils function
to fight against parasitic infections and help basophils with allergic rxns
what is healing by both primary and secondary intention?
primary: healing happens when the wound edges are approximated (usually the help of skin held by sutures, staples, or glue)
secondary: healing takes place when the wound edges can’t be approximated and the wound needs to heal from the bottom
what is a diet that will help in promoting wound healing?
having a diet that consist a variety of protein, zinc, vitamin C, fluids, controlling blood sugar, green leafy vegetables
eg. chicken, cabbage, spinach, dairy foods, tofu, strawberries, oranges
s/s associated with the inflammatory process
skin: discoloration or flushed skin, hot to the touch, rashes
pain/swelling: mild pain or tenderness in the area of injury
loss of function: inability to use a part of the body as a normal range of motion
abd: bloating, cramps, gas, constipation, or loose stool
insulin resistance: inflammation affects the way insulin works in the body possible leads to high blood sugar, tingling feet, and increased thirst and tiredness
active immunity and examples
type of immunity that occurs when the body’s immune system produces antibodies to fight a disease organism after being exposed to it
eg. vaccinations
types of antibodies
IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA
IgG
most abundant antibody which is secreted by the plasma cells in the blood and is able to cross the placenta into the fetus
IgM
usually attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into the blood which is responsible for the early stages of immunity
IgE
helps to protect against parasitic worms and responsible for allergic rxns
IgA
found in mucus, saliva, tears, and breast milk and helps protect against pathogens
what is immunity in older adults?
known as immunosenescence
people in older age have their immune system undergo changes that can make them less effective
involves slower response, fewer immune cells, poor communication with other cells, macrophages destroy bacteria more slowly, immune system has less ability to distinguish self from nonself
types of blood
A, AB, B, O
antibodies in blood type A
antibodies in blood type AB
has both antigen A and B but no antibodies
antibodies in blood type O
has no antigens on RBC’s but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
attenuated antigens
weakened virus copies of the live virus
inactive antigens
made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or bacteria
viral vaccines
trains with the immune system with dead or weaken form of viruses which later on need to be updated based on the mutations of their genetic material in order to survive in the body
bacterial vaccines
contains killed or weaken bacteria that activates the immune systems which has antibodies built against particular bacteria and later on prevents bacterial infection
anaphylaxis
severe whole-body life threatening allergic reaction to chemical or specific allergens
risk factors of anaphylaxis
allergies, asthma, skin condition, atopic eczema, previous anaphylaxis Hx
s/s of anaphylaxis
dyspnea, shallow breathing, swelling of tongue throat mouth eyes lips, raised red rashes, hives, NVD
complications of anaphylaxis
blocked airways, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, anaphylactic shock
tx for anaphylaxis
epi-pens, IV antihistamines, beta agonists, oxygen
nursing interventions for anaphylaxis
avoids triggers such as foods and medications, carry emergency meds like epi-pens, wearing medical ID tag
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in connective tissues all throughout the body
risk factors of SLE
sex (more in females), age, race (more in african amer., hispanics, asian amer.), family Hx, hormones
s/s of SLE
butterfly skin rash on face, skin lesions, joint pain, dry eyes, headaches, confusion, raynaud’s disease, hair loss, chest pain, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss
complications of SLE
MI, bone fractures, myocarditis, kidney failure, dry eyes, pleuritis, infection, stroke, pregnancy
Tx for SLE
immunosuppressants, antimalarials, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, biologics
nursing interventions for SLE
assessment to see any further s/s as well as monitoring their mental and physical health, minimizing exposure to UV lighting, pain management, nutritional meal plans on smaller portions, exercise, sun protection, no smoking
DiGeorge syndrome
genetic disorder that occurs to the deletion or missing part of chromosome 22
risk factors of DiGeorge syndrome
cleft palate or speech/hearing problems, autoimmune disorder, congential heart defects
s/s of DiGeorge syndrome
facial features, speech, stature, learning disabilities, infection, body spasms, thyroid and thymus abnormalities
complications of DiGeorge syndrome
kidney problems, hormone abnormalities, dyspnea, scoliosis, low WBC production, infection, seizures, autism, attention-deficit disorder, CHD, TOF, underdeveloped thymus
Tx for DiGeorge syndrome
physiotherapy for problems with strength and movement, podiatry, orthoses for leg pain, surgery
nursing interventions for DiGeorge syndrome
drugs for seizures or neurological conditions, special education programs to address challenges, genetic testing, OT, calcium supp for low calcium levels, antibiotics if there is infection
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
rare genetic disorder affecting the immune system caused by a mutation on X chromosome impairing immunity and bleeding with skin flare ups from eczema
risk factors of wiskott-aldrich syndrome
boys inheriting gene more than girls, abnormal bleeding, reduced immunity, increased risk for cancer, infections
s/s of wiscott-aldrich syndrome
petechiae, prolonged bleedings, bruising, nose bleed, internal bleeding, brain bleeds, dark/tarry stools (melena), hematemesis, eczema
complications of wiscott-aldrich syndrome
thrombocytopenia, weakened immune system, eczema
Tx for wiscott-aldrich syndrome
allogenic bone marrow transplant, topical steroid creams, antibiotics for bacterial infections, meds for bleeding episodes, immunosuppressive therapy, splenectomy, gene therapy
nursing interventions for wiscott-aldrich syndrome
taking precautions to prevent bleeding and injury, moisturizing and steroid creams for eczema, wearing helmets to avoid head trauma, avoiding activities that can cause trauma to body
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
virus that weakens and attacks body’s immune system by destroying the infection fighting the CD4 cells (T-lymphocytes)
risk factors for HIV
unprotected sex, having multiple sex partners, anal sex, substance use or sharing needles, STI’s like syphilis and herpes, blood transfusions, tissue transplants
s/s of HIV
fever, muscle pains, headache, sore throat, night sweats, mouth sores, thrush, swollen lymph glands, diarrhea
complications of HIV
coma, behavioral changes, anxiety and depression, shingles, dysphagia, vision loss, problems with bladder control and/or sexual functioning, MI
Tx for HIV
antiretroviral therapy (ART) and monitor for s/e
nursing interventions for HIV
promoting skin integrity, hand-washing, practicing safe sex, pre- and post- exposure prophylaxis, vaccinations, importance of tx, monitoring for infection and labs, support system for individual
what are the different types of hypersensitivity
type i: rxn mediated by IgE antibodies
type ii: cytotoxic rxn mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies
type iii: rxn mediated by immune complexes
type iv: delayed rxn mediated by cellular response
t-helper cell function
help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes
factors that contribute to poor wound healing
diabetes, obesity, malnutrition, smoking, ETOH use, lack of physical exercise, edema, necrosis, dehydration, NSAID’s, radiation and chemotherapy
active immunity
body’s immune system protects individual from pathogens and makes its own antibodies
passive immunity
occurs when individual is already protected by immunity from someone else where they receive pre-made antibodies
antigenic shift V. antigenic drift
antigenic shift: sudden onset of a new virus through abrupt changes
antigenic drift: gradual change in the genetic makeup of a virus
MHCi V. MHCii
MHC I: expressed more all over the place
MHC II: expressed on immune cells such as B cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells as epithelial cells follow inflammatory signals
mutualism v. parasitism
mutualism: beneficial interactions between members of the same of different species
parasitism: one species benefits while one is harmed
what of the different types of transplant rejection?
hyperacute: occurs within minutes or hours after the transplant when the recipient has antibodies against the donor’s antigens
acute: occurs days or weeks after transplant which is caused by the recipient’s lymphocytes recognizing donor’s antigens leading to T-cell activation and damage to organs
chronic: occurs months or years after transplant where this could be associated with previous acute rejection episodes, inadequate immunosuppression, delayed graft function