Adolescent Development and Learning

These flashcards cover key concepts related to adolescent development, cognitive theories, parenting styles, and important definitions and principles from psychology.

What are the four types of parenting styles identified in developmental psychology?

Authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, indifferent.

What is the Law of Effect as proposed by Thorndike?

An organism will tend to repeat behavior that’s followed by a satisfying experience.

What is the difference between learning and maturation?

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience; maturation is the unfolding of biologically predetermined behavior.

What characterizes the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Learning through senses and actions; develops object permanence.

What happens during the early adolescent growth spurt?

Rapid increase in height and weight, typically beginning ~age 10-12 for girls and ~age 12-14 for boys.

What are the average IQ ranges and the implications of scores below 70?

Average IQ is 90-109; scores below 70 indicate developmental or intellectual disability.

What are the characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa?

Extreme food restriction, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image.

What is the significance of the Heinz Dilemma in moral development?

It assesses moral reasoning rather than right or wrong answers.

What is metacognition?

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

What are two advantages and disadvantages of early maturation in boys?

Advantages: More popular, seen as leaders; Disadvantages: Higher risk for drug/alcohol use, anti-social behavior.

What is the definition of adolescence according to social and legal standards?

A transitional period where a person is neither a child nor an adult, usually defined by age thresholds like 18 years old.

What role does Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) play in learning?

It identifies tasks that are slightly beyond a learner's current ability, achievable with guidance.

How does the average adolescent view their adulthood according to studies?

Fewer than 1/3 of college students consider themselves adults; responsibility is key to self-definition.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of late maturation in girls?

Advantages: Fewer psychological problems, less social pressure; Disadvantages: May feel insecure or 'left behind'.

What are the four types of parenting styles identified in developmental psychology?

Authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, indifferent.

What is the Law of Effect as proposed by Thorndike?

An organism will tend to repeat behavior that

’s followed by a satisfying experience.

What is the difference between learning and maturation?

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience; maturation is the unfolding of biologically predetermined behavior.

What characterizes the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Learning through senses and actions; develops object permanence.

What characterizes Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

Symbolic thought, egocentrism, and centration (focus on one aspect).

What are the early tasks in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Trust vs. mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlerhood), Initiative vs. guilt (preschool).

What happens during the early adolescent growth spurt?

Rapid increase in height and weight, typically beginning ~age 10-12 for girls and ~age 12-14 for boys.

What are the average IQ ranges and the implications of scores below 70?

Average IQ is 90-109; scores below 70 indicate developmental or intellectual disability.

What are the characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa?

Extreme food restriction, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image.

What is the significance of the Heinz Dilemma in moral development?

It assesses moral reasoning rather than right or wrong answers.

What is metacognition?

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

What are two advantages and disadvantages of early maturation in boys?

Advantages: More popular, seen as leaders; Disadvantages: Higher risk for drug/alcohol use, anti-social behavior.

What is the definition of adolescence according to social and legal standards?

A transitional period where a person is neither a child nor an adult, usually defined by age thresholds like 18 years old.

What role does Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) play in learning?

It identifies tasks that are slightly beyond a learner's current ability, achievable with guidance.

How does the average adolescent view their adulthood according to studies?

Fewer than 1/3 of college students consider themselves adults; responsibility is key to self-definition.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of late maturation in girls?

Advantages: Fewer psychological problems, less social pressure; Disadvantages: May feel insecure or 'left behind'.

What is classical conditioning?

A type of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.

What is 'identity vs. role confusion' in Erikson's stages?

The psychosocial crisis of adolescence, where individuals develop a sense of self or become confused about their role in society.

What are the four types of parenting styles identified in developmental psychology?

Authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent, indifferent.

What is the Law of Effect as proposed by Thorndike?

An organism will tend to repeat behavior that

’s followed by a satisfying experience.

What is the difference between learning and maturation?

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience; maturation is the unfolding of biologically predetermined behavior.

What characterizes the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Learning through senses and actions; develops object permanence.

What characterizes Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

Symbolic thought, egocentrism, and centration (focus on one aspect).

What characterizes Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage?

Logical thought about concrete events, understanding of conservation, and improved classification abilities.

What characterizes Piaget's Formal Operational Stage?

Abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and systematic problem-solving.

What are the early tasks in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Trust vs. mistrust (infancy), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddlerhood), Initiative vs. guilt (preschool).

What happens during the early adolescent growth spurt?

Rapid increase in height and weight, typically beginning ~age 10-12 for girls and ~age 12-14 for boys.

What are the average IQ ranges and the implications of scores below 70?

Average IQ is 90-109; scores below 70 indicate developmental or intellectual disability.

What are the characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa?

Extreme food restriction, intense fear of gaining weight, distorted body image.

What is the significance of the Heinz Dilemma in moral development?

It assesses moral reasoning rather than right or wrong answers.

What is metacognition?

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

What are two advantages and disadvantages of early maturation in boys?

Advantages: More popular, seen as leaders; Disadvantages: Higher risk for drug/alcohol use, anti-social behavior.

What is the definition of adolescence according to social and legal standards?

A transitional period where a person is neither a child nor an adult, usually defined by age thresholds like 18 years old.

What role does Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) play in learning?

It identifies tasks that are slightly beyond a learner's current ability, achievable with guidance.

How does the average adolescent view their adulthood according to studies?

Fewer than 1/3 of college students consider themselves adults; responsibility is key to self-definition.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of late maturation in girls?

Advantages: Fewer psychological problems, less social pressure; Disadvantages: May feel insecure or 'left behind'.

What is classical conditioning?

A type of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a learned response.

What is operant conditioning?

A type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it (rewards or punishments).

What is 'identity vs. role confusion' in Erikson's stages?

The psychosocial crisis of adolescence, where individuals develop a sense of self or become confused about their role in society.

What is 'intimacy vs. isolation' in Erikson's stages?

The psychosocial crisis of early adulthood, focusing on forming close, loving relationships or experiencing loneliness.

What are the characteristics of authoritative parenting?

High warmth, high control; set clear rules and expectations, but also encourage independence and open communication.

What is adolescent egocentrism?

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads them to focus on themselves, often believing that others are equally interested in them, and that they are invulnerable or special.