Microbiology: Final Exam

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Hooke

Hooke

1660 =Before the Golden Age of Microbiology

-Discovered the microscope

-1st person who created name cell= individual living unit

Van Leeuwenhoek

1670= Before the Golden Age of Microbiology

-1st person to look at living cells.

-Developed a more sophisticated microscope

• Looked at living cells, fecal material, pond water, and samples of own teeth.

Jenner

1800= Before the Golden Age of Microbiology

-1st vaccination= for smallpox

-English physician

Semmelweis

1840= Before the Golden Age of Microbiology

-1st person to start doing hand hygiene(washing hands)

• So microbes will not be passed on between patients.

• A Hungarian doctor= worked maternity hospital

Pasteur

1860= During Golden Age of Microbiology

-Proved Biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation

• Hypothesized that the cells were already present in the air

  • Louis Pasteur Swan Neck Experiment

Proving Biogenesis

Living things only come from pre-existing living things= Pasteur proved by Swan Neck Experiment

• Disproved Spontaneous generation= you take non-living material and it can generate living things

  • ex: leaving meat out and maggots would appear on meat

Lister

1870= During the Golden Age of Microbiology

-1st apply antiseptic antimicrobial compounds to surgical wounds to reduce infection

• Wanted to prevent infection after surgery, applied substance to surgical wounds

Koch

1870= During the Golden Age of Microbiology

-Proved the Germ Theory of Disease= microbes cause disease

Germ Theory of Disease Koch’s Postulates

Idea that microbes can cause disease.

-Sequence of experiments steps can go through to prove that particular microbe causes a specific disease.

• Back then they thought that disease was caused because God was unhappy, witch cursed you, or breathing some bad air.

Fleming

1928 = After the Golden Age of Microbiology

-In 1928 discovered a fungus called= Penicillium. Not useable yet.

• Penicillin secreted a substance that killed bacteria

Chain and Florey

1942= After the Golden Age of Microbiology

-Converted penicillin into a useable form, used it to treat bacterial infections,

• Became 1st antibiotic= during WWII

Watson and Crick

1953= After the Golden Age of Microbiology

-Discovered structure of DNA, has double helix

Prusiner

1997= After the Golden Age of Microbiology

-Discovered Prions= infectious proteins that can cause Mad Cow Disease

• Newest type of microbe, got Nobel prize

Benefits of Microbes

• Cycling of Elements

• Flow of Energy

• Food Chains

• Microbiota

• Biotechnology

• Genetic Engineering

• Bioremediation

• Gene therapy

Cycling of Elements

Referring to atoms that make up all living things

-How microbes affect life on earth

• The most common cycling of elements is the carbon cycle

Flow of Energy

How energy moves through ecosystems, One direction

-All energy originally comes from the sun

Food chains

Food chain in soil

Microbiota

Microbes that live on and in your body

-Microbes help with your immune system and help fight infection and digestive system

Ecological benefits of microbes in….

Helping with:

• Cycling of elements

• Flow energy

• Food chain

-Are important for life on earth by not very personalized.

Biotechnology

where you live, use living things to create something you want

• Ex: If you take yeast and give it the right conditions it can generate bread or beer.

Genetic Engineering

-Type of biotechnology, Engineer the DNA where we can change the microbes DNA or organisms DNA to get a result we want.

• Proved that you can swap out genes from any species put it into another species, recipient will produce product.

Bioremediation

where we use microbes to clean up pollution

• Ex: Oil spill= spraying bacteria that has been engineered to use the oil as food.= The bacteria will metabolize the oil and when oil is gone the bacteria will die off.

Gene Therapy

is used to treat a genetic disease where an individual has been born with a mutation in one of their genes that causes disease

Pathogens

harm us and cause disease

-2 tyes= Opportunistic and obligate

Opportunistic Pathogens

-Under normal circumstances is harmless or beneficial.

-But if it gets to a part of your body where it shouldn’t be or overgrows then takes the opportunity to take nutrients from your body to replicate. will cause disease

• Most common

Obligate pathogens

-Microbes that must infect host, so they must infect the host because that is the only way they get nutrients and can replicate

• No other option they need to infect host to get nutrients to replicate=parasites

• ex= HIV

Personal benefits of microbes…

1. Normal development of the digestive and immune system

2. Provide vitamins= E. coli produces vitamin K

3. Protection from Infectious disease

Biotechnology benefits of microbes….

1. Food

2. Genetic Engineering(DNA)

3. Bioremediation

4. Gene Therapy

Archaea

• very small

• No organelles

• Unicellular

• Heterotrophic and some autotropic

• Some produce asexually

Do Not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall

* Most are Extremeophiles **

Cocci (coccous)

-5 different arrangements that bacteria can be arrangement has to do with how the bacteria alls divide.

1. diplococci =1 (oo)

2. streptococci= long chain (oooooooo)

3. tetrad= 4 (oooo)

4. sardine = 8(oooooooo)

5. staphylococci = irregular clusters

Bacilli (bacillus) = Rods

1. single bacillus =1

2. diplobacilli=2

3. streptobacilli=long chain

4. coccobacillus= rounded rods

Spiral

1. Vibrio= curved rods

2. spirillum= several curves, very rigid

3. spirochete= several turns, flexible, not as regular with curves

Unusual shapes

1. Star-shaped bacteria

2. rectangular bacteria

• Very unusual bacteria usually do not cause disease

Appendages= Prokaryotic

-Flagella

-Fimbriae

-Pillis

Flagella

-Appendages that extend out from the cell, are relatively long and thin.

-Only Bacillus and Spiral types of cells, Coccus cells do not have it.

*Composed of protein H antigens(identification). Much more simple in structure compared to eukaryotic

Prokaryotic flagella

-Main function= Locomotion for both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic flagella.

-Prokaryotes move in a run and tumble type of way

Eukaryotic flagella

Move more directed they have chemotaxis or phototaxis

-Chemotaxis=response to chemical(molecule)

• (+)= cell moves toward the molecule

• (-)= cells move away from the molecule

-Phototaxis= movement in terms of light or relation to light.

• (+)= cell moving into the light

• (-)= cell moving away from light

Peritrichous

Flagella are evenly distributed all over bacteria.

Momotrichous

Bacterial cells has 1 flagella at 1 end

Lophotrichous

more than 1 flagella at 1 end

Amphitrichous

1 flagella at both ends, each end

Endoflagella

only found on flexible spiral bacteria

-Wrapped around cell, held by the outer sheath.

Fimbriae

-Usually found on Gram-negative bacteria mainly

-Evenly distributed over the surface of cell. More ridged.

*Main purpose= attachment*

• Better able to adhere to tissue, makes bacteria much more likely to cause disease.

Pili

-Bacteria only going to have 1 to 2, usually longer than Fimbriae.

-Usually found on Gram-negative bacteria

*-Main purpose= Conjugation= sexual reproduction in bacteria*

Conjugation

referred to as sexual reproduction of bacteria(not with gametes)

-Process= Involved DNA transferring from 1 bacteria to another, starts with F+ cell and has F factor. F+ will form a pills to F- cell, copy of plasmid going to cross pills, go into recipient cell. Converting cell into F+ cell.

• Pillus used to transfer copy of plasmid form one cell to another.

Plasmid

The DNA that is transferred via a pills to another bacterium. Smaller circular pieces of DNA, often find genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance.

Glycocalyx

The cells outermost layer of prokaryotic cell

• Mainly composed of carbohydrates, glycoproteins, glycolipids

• Main Purpose: Adherence is sticky, helps cell to stick to surface and protective, can protect cell.

  • 2 Types; Slime layer and Capsule

Slime layer

Usually found in bacteria, found out in the environment; soil, water, rocks.

-Very unorganized, very loosely held to cell, thin

- Purpose= attachment, protect against dehydration

Capsule

usually found in pathogens

• More highly organized, very tightly held in cell, thick

  • Purpose= attachment, increase pathogenity, protect from phagocytosis(cell tries to eat bacteria-white blood cells).

Cell walls

Main purpose= to protect the bacterium from osmotic lysis, helps hold shape

• 2 types help identify them= Gram-Negative, Gram-Positive.

Gram-Positive

Many layers of peptidoglycan, very thick and ridged

Gram-Negative

Have outer membrane, tend to be more resistant to different chemical disinfections, more pathogentic

• Imbeded in outer membrane= Lipopolysaccharide

  • One layer of peptidoglycan

Chromosome

Contain= essential genes that determine which proteins- determine characteristics of particular cell

-Nucleotide= area you find chromosome

• Prokaryotic= Must have 1 chromosome per cell, circular composed of DNA only cells does NOT have organelles

• Eukaryotic= Several there, many linear, composed of DNA, complex with protein called histone.

-Eukaryotic ___= Multiple ___ that are linear, complex DNA and Histones.

-Prokaryotes____=__ Single circular double-stranded ___ composed of only DNA

Cytoplasm

everything found inside the cell

Everything in cell, between the cell membrane and nucleus, Includes liquid, organelles inside cell

*Everything inside cell except nucleus*

Cytosol

liquid part inside cell

• Prokaryotic= 80% water

• Eukaryotic= 90% water

Refers to liquid inside cell, Just referring to liquid

-Mainly water, dissolved; nutrients, waste, sugars, salts, ions

Cell membrane

• Prokaryotic cell= there are mainly enzymes, proteins that are bound in cell wall membrane. No cholesterol

• Eukaryotic cell= Not very many enzymes, have cholesterol embedded in membrane

Endospores

Highly resistant to disinfection, heat, chemicals, and antibiotics

-Specialized resting cells that produced by 2 types of bacteria= Bacillus and Clostridium.

Inclusions

storage area, within cell

-Dark staining areas that are not found in normal cells and these are sites where viruses is replicating, copies of genome, capsid

-Cells can’t function normally and have impact on the host.

Types

• Fungi= Mold(multicellular), Yeast(Unicellular)

• Algae= Photosynthetic, unicellular or multicellular

  • Multicellular algae= seaweed

• Protozoa= Unicellular, found in water and soil

• Helmets= multicellular, worms

Appendages= Eukaryotic cell

-Flagellum

-Cilia

Flagellum= Eukaryotic

Locomotion= one place to another

• Eukaryotic _____= Much more complex in structure

• Both Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic ______ have the same function but different structure

Cilia

Movement, move fluids, locomotion

-Much shorter than Flagella, very numerous

-Respiratory Epithelium= ____ involved in the movement, moving fluid, Mucus layer traps any particles, and microbes when a person inhales.

Fungal cell wall

Have chitin(a type of carbohydrate that is indigestible)= digestive system unable to break down

• Yeast has= Mannan, B-glucan, chitin

• Mold only has chitin

Algal cell wall

Main molecule= Cellulose

• Fungi cell walls have chitin, ___ have Cellulose

Pellicle

Thick outer protective covering Protozoa

• Composed of protein, others are composed of carbohydrates

• Do Not have true cell walls instead have ____

Glycocalyx= Eukaryotes

Outer surface of outer layer of animal cell

-Purpose= Important for attachment, for cells to attach to surface and each other. Help strength cell, involved for cells to cell recognition

-Animal cells Do Not have cell wall. Instead have ____. Only type of Eukaryotic organism

• Lots of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Endosymbiosis theory

Is to describe how eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotic cells.

Yeast

-Unicellular

-To identify _____ need Biochemical reactions(tests) to determine enzyme profile, biochemical reaction they catalyze.

Mold

-Multicellular

-Macroscopic, different morphologies

-Under microscope look different

-Can identify different ____ physically don’t need microscope.

-Make Hyphae

Mycosis

Disease caused by fungus

• Opportunistic pathogens= majority

• Obligate pathogens= few

• Chronic= last long time

• Dimorphic= found in yeast and mold

Lichens

-Symbiotic relationship between Algae and Fungi

-Algae performs photosynthesis, and produce glucose is used by fungus

-Not parasite on tree, just grow on top of tree

Protozoa

• Water and soil

• Heterotrophic and Autotrophic

• Unicellular

• Asexual and sexual reproduction

  • Trophozoites= active form, moving around, reproducing

  • Cysts= protective form forms cysts when it wants to protect itself

Excavata/Archaezoa

-Have flagella

-No mitochondria, No cyst form= can’t survive outside host

Euglenozoa

-Use flagella, have mitochondria, have chloroplast, have autotrophs, performs photosynthesis

-Obligatie pathogens

-Hemoflagellates

Hemoflagellates

-Parasitic obligate pathogens, infect mammals, get nutrients from red blood cells, Euglenozoa

• Transmitted to host by an insect bite

  • Ex: Trypanosoma brucei=aftrian sleeping sickness

  • Ex: Trypanosoma cruzi= Chagas disease

Amebae

Amoebas

-Have Pseudopods= for locomotion

• Ex= Entamoeba histolytica= amoebic dysentery

Apicomplexa

-Pointed end, No mode of Locomotion, 2 types;

• Plasmodium= causes malaria, requires mosquito and human(intermediate host)

• Toxoplasma gondii= causes toxoplasmids in feces

Cilliates

Use cilia as locomotion

-non-pathogenic

Helminths

• Water

• Multicellular= Body systems

• Heterotrophic

• Sexual reproduction

  • Monoecious and Dioecious

• Trematodes, Cestodes, and Nematodes

Trematodes

Flukes, All Monoecious

• Ex: Schistosoma= blood fluke

Cestodes

-Monoicious, can have proglottids

-Scolex(head)= attaches to intestines

-Sucker, Scolex, and Hooks

-Ex: Tapeworm, Taenia saginata= beef tapeworm, don’t have proglottids

• Released with feces

Nematodes

Round worms, Dioecious

• Ex: Enterobius vermicularis= pinworm, usually infects children, lays eggs on anus

• Ex: Necator americanus= Hookworm, burrow through skin, enter circulatory and respiratory system, poor sanitation

Predisposing Factors

• Gender

• Genetics

• Climate/weather

• Age

• Nutrition

• Smoking and Drinking

Portals of entry

Each microbe has a specific way it prefers to enter the body

1. Mucous Membrane(Respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenetial, and Conjunctive)

2. Skin

3. Parenteral Route= injections or insects