unit 3 (in-class notes)

What were the six areas of emphasis in APUSH related to wars?

Causes, effects, technological developments, turning points, economic consequences, and social impact on minority groups.

What common characteristic is observed in the wars between France and Britain?

They were mercantilist wars fought for trade and territory rights rather than to annihilate the enemy.

What was the significance of the Battle of Quebec?

It was a key event in the struggle for control between the French and British empires in North America.

What did the Albany Plan of Union aim to achieve?

It intended for mutual defense among the colonies against Native American attacks.

What did the Proclamation of 1763 accomplish?

It prohibited colonial settlement beyond the Appalachians to prevent conflicts with Native Americans.

How did the French and Indian War affect British and American relations?

It created tension and showed that Britain was not invincible, leading to demands for greater colonial rights.

What did Thomas Paine argue in 'Common Sense'?

He argued for American independence and the need for the colonies to become an independent nation.

What was the purpose of the Olive Branch Petition?

It was an attempt by the Second Continental Congress to reconcile with King George III.

What was the outcome of the Second Continental Congress's decision to create a colonial army?

They appointed George Washington as the commander of the army, uniting the colonies under a leader.

What was a notable disadvantage for Americans during the Revolution?

They had less formal training and resources compared to the British military.

How did foreign alliances impact the American Revolution?

Alliances with countries like France provided support that was critical to America's victory.

What were the advantages of the British military?

They had the best navy, a professional army, and a larger population compared to the colonies.

What advantage did Americans have over British forces?

They had homefield advantage and utilized unconventional tactics.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Saratoga?

It was a turning point in the war that led to French support for the American cause.

How did the Treaty of Paris affect America in 1783?

It recognized American independence and established borders for the new nation.

What were the goals of Loyalists during the American Revolution?

To maintain their ties with Britain and avoid the upheaval of revolution.

What was one major cause of Shays' Rebellion?

The economic distress and heavy taxation faced by farmers.

What was the significance of the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention?

It established a bicameral legislature with representation based on population and equal representation.

What did the 3/5 Compromise determine?

It counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

What was Hamilton’s financial plan focused on?

It aimed to assume state debts and establish a national bank.

What did the Democratic-Republicans believe in?

They advocated for states' rights and were wary of a strong central government.

How did the Revolutionary War challenge the new American government?

It raised questions about governance, trade, and foreign relations after independence.

What was an immediate domestic problem following the American Revolution?

The financial crisis and debt recovery efforts undermined the national economy.

How did inflation during the revolution affect the colonies?

Inflation made goods more expensive, deepening economic hardship.

What was the impact of the Electoral College?

It could elect a president contrary to the popular vote, reflecting the founders' concerns.

What philosophical belief influenced the U.S. Constitution?

It was influenced by Hobbes' views on human behavior and Calvinistic ideas regarding governance.

What were the consequences of the Radical Whigs’ beliefs?

They warned against the dangers of corruption and the need for political vigilance.

How did the French Revolution tie back to the American Revolution?

The success of the American Revolution inspired revolutionary movements in France.

What was one of Washington's main concerns regarding rebellions?

He feared that they could lead to anarchy and instability.

Who played a crucial role in drafting the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson was tasked with writing the Declaration.

What was the main goal of the Treaty of Alliance with France?

To secure French support against Britain during the Revolution.

What challenges did the Articles of Confederation face?

Issues with state cooperation, taxation, and a lack of central authority.

What was the main reason colonists opposed British taxation?

They believed they should not be taxed without representation in Parliament.

What was the significance of the Battle of Bunker Hill?

It showed that American forces could stand up to British troops despite ultimately losing.

What were the Articles of Confederation primarily focused on?

They aimed to preserve state sovereignty over a strong central government.

What major event occurred on Evacuation Day?

The British navy left Boston, marking a temporary victory for American forces.

What was a key element of Hamilton's financial policy?

The establishment of a national bank to stabilize the economy.

What major effect did the French and Indian War have on colonies?

It increased hostilities between British authorities and colonial leaders.

What did the Treaty of Paris ultimately deny the United States?

Recognition and respect as a fully equal nation among global powers.

What did the term 'armed neutrality' refer to?

A diplomatic stance where countries remained non-aligned in trade and military while avoiding direct conflict.

What was a key difference in motivation between British and American soldiers?

Americans were fighting for their survival and homes, while British soldiers were often drafted.

What did Paul Revere famously warn during his midnight ride?

He alerted colonists that 'the British are coming!'

What was the main purpose of checks and balances in government?

To prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful.

What did the phrase 'The shot heard 'round the world' refer to?

The first shot fired at the battles of Lexington and Concord, marking the start of the American Revolution.

What was the economic impact of the Revolution on trade?

Economic disruption and a shift toward self-reliance due to British blockades.

What did Jefferson argue regarding the necessity of rebellion?

He believed that occasional rebellion was healthy for government accountability.

What change did the leaders of the American Revolution ultimately pursue?

They sought independence rather than reform within the British Empire.

How did economic competition among states manifest post-Revolution?

States taxed each other's goods, creating trade barriers and rivalries.

What underpinned the founders' fear of a stronger central government?

Their experiences with British tyranny led them to prioritize individual liberties.

Who was Daniel Shays, and what did he lead?

He was a Revolutionary War veteran who led Shays' Rebellion against tax collectors in Massachusetts.

Why did many Americans feel no urgency for independence initially?

They sought rights as Englishmen rather than outright separation from Britain.

What was one effect of inflation during the war?

It destabilized the economy and strained households due to higher prices.

What does 'interstate competition' illustrate about the new U.S. government?

It demonstrates the lack of unity and cooperative governance among the states after independence.

What was the primary goal of the second Continental Congress?

To organize the colonies for war and address the issue of independence.

What prompted widespread economic hardship and calls for debt relief post-war?

Rising debts and high taxes enforced by state governments on struggling farmers.

What compromise addressed concerns regarding the counting of enslaved individuals in representation?

The 3/5 Compromise.

What political difference did the revolution establish within the colonies?

It led to a shift towards the idea of republicanism and participatory government.

What was the primary purpose of Shay’s Rebellion?

To protest against economic injustices and heavy taxation.

How did the American populace view the British military presence after the Revolution?

They viewed it as a lingering threat to their newfound independence.

What emerged as a critical challenge after the victory in the American Revolution?

Establishing a functional and stable government for the independent nation.

What was one major way America sought to define itself after the Revolution?

By establishing its own identity separate from British colonial rule.

What were the main causes of the American Revolution?

Colonial opposition to British taxation without representation, restrictions on trade, and the desire for self-governance.

What role did the Enlightenment play in shaping American revolutionary thought?

It introduced ideas of individual rights, government by consent, and the questioning of traditional authority.

What were the key battles of the American Revolution?

Battles of Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and Yorktown.

What was the significance of the Declaration of Independence?

It formally declared the colonies' independence from Britain and articulated Enlightenment principles of rights and governance.

How did France aid the American Revolution?

France provided military assistance, supplies, and troops after the American victory at Saratoga.

What were the Articles of Confederation?

The first constitution of the United States, establishing a weak central government with limited powers.

What were the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

Inability to impose taxes, regulate trade, and enforce laws, leading to economic instability and lack of unity.

What was the significance of Shays' Rebellion?

It highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and the need for a stronger national government.

What was the Constitutional Convention?

A gathering in 1787 aimed at drafting a new Constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.

What was the Great Compromise?

A solution that created a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

What did the Federalist Papers advocate?

They supported the ratification of the Constitution and established a case for a strong national government.

What were the main concerns of Anti-Federalists?

Fear of a strong central government and the lack of a Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.

What is the Bill of Rights?

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual freedoms and limiting government power.

How did the American Revolution impact social and political structures?

It challenged traditional hierarchies, promoted ideas of equality, and laid the groundwork for democratic governance.

What was the economic impact of the American Revolution?

Disruption of trade, heightened economic independence, and a shift towards self-sufficiency.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Paris (1783)?

It formally ended the American Revolution, recognized American independence, and set new boundaries for the nation.

What were the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?

Federalists supported a strong central government, while Democratic-Republicans advocated for states' rights and agrarian interests.

How did the American Revolution influence global movements?

It inspired revolutionary movements in other countries, including France and Latin America.

What is the concept of republicanism?

A political ideology centered around the idea of a government representing the interests of the people through elected officials.

What role did women play during and after the American Revolution?

Women contributed to the war efforts and began advocating for greater rights and recognition in society after the war.

What was the impact of slavery on the American Revolution?

The revolution raised questions about slavery's legitimacy, leading to gradual emancipation in some northern states.

What were the key themes in the debates over the Constitution?

The balance of power between federal and state governments, individual rights, and the structure of the government.

What were some early challenges faced by the new nation post-Revolution?

Economic

how much power should be granted to the central government? (AOC)

• not much power is in the states

  • largely preserved state power and independence (ex. the states, not Congress, had the power to tax)

how much power should be granted to the central government? (Constitution)

• more power should be given to the central government

  • federal system

What was the primary concern regarding the central government under the Articles of Confederation?

The concern was that the central government should not hold much power, as it mostly preserved state sovereignty and independence.

How did the Articles of Confederation approach taxation?

Under the AOC, the power to tax lay with the states

What structure of government was established by the Articles of Confederation (AOC)?

The AOC established a unicameral legislature with no distinct branches, with each state holding one vote, necessitating 9 out of 13 states for law passage and unanimous consent for amendments.

What should the structure of the government be under the Constitution?

Under the Constitution, a bicameral legislature was established with three distinct branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial (separation of powers)

the great compromise

• congress = house + senate

  • simple majority voting (no more 2/3 vote)

How will the 'west' be managed according to the Articles of Confederation?

This was the responsibility of the national government: AOC considered western territories as lands for state claims without a standardized policy for governance

How will the 'west' be managed under the Constitution?

The Constitution laid out a systematic method for admitting new states and governing territories, including provisions such as the Northwest Ordinance.

How is slavery addressed in the Articles of Confederation?

The Articles of Confederation did not specifically address slavery, leaving it up to the individual states to determine their approach (didn’t talk about it for 20 years)

How is slavery addressed in the Constitution?

The Constitution incorporated the 3/5 compromise, slave trade compromise, and fugitive slave clause

*legality of slavery still not addressed

How are economic matters and currency managed in the Articles of Confederation?

The AOC provided the central government with no authority for taxation or trade regulation, resulting in economic challenges.

How are economic matters and currency managed in the Constitution?

The Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate commerce, addressing economic issues more effectively. All bills and economic decisions originate in the House of Reps.

How does the system deal with Native Americans under the Articles of Confederation?

The AOC lacked a coherent policy regarding Native Americans, leading to varying treatment by the states. It is Congress’s job to create treaties with tribes, and state militia can step in as needed.

How does the system deal with Native Americans under the Constitution?

This was also Congress’s job (create treaties with tribes like in the AOC). They don’t count as a population (reapportionment)

Who is tasked with the defense of the United States under the Articles of Confederation?

The AOC specified that individual states were responsible for their own defense, resulting in an uncoordinated military structure. (no army for the United States)