unit 3 (in-class notes)

• The Art of War: 6 areas of emphasis in APUSH

  • causes

  • effects

  • technological developments

  • turning point

    • Battle of Quebec

  • economic consequences

  • social impact and effects on minority groups

What commonalities do you see in the wars between the french and the British so far?

• there are “mercantilist wars” fought for trade and territory rights - not to annihilate the enemy

• France loses them all, and the codes territory as a result, but are never down for long

• all use “proxies” to some degree - especially here (colonies and Native American allies)

• all start in Europe and conflict spills over into North America

The contest for empire:

• the struggle between France and England was played out on the North American continent in several conflicts

  • chess analogy ~ England uses Native Americans and colonists as pawns (using them to further your own gain)

    • checkmate (king is surrounded - out maneuvering your opponents)

The French and Indian War

• 1754 - (the Albany Plan of Union)

  • attempted for mutual defense

    • consisted of 2 delegates from each colony appt. by the king, had power to raise taxes for a colonial army and navy and deal with native Americans - rejected by all colonial assemblies

      • Americans wanted more freedom (hate paying taxes)

        • Britain wanted less

• Join or Die - snake doodle

  • not about the American Revolution - the French and Indian War

Moderation (section 6-6 through 6-8) - The Watershed Treaty of Paris

• Restless Colonies

  • The French & Indian War proved → Britain wasn’t invincible

  • tension developed between top British leaders and regular soldiers

    • refused to acknowledge any rank above Captain (demoting General George Washington)

      • very much related to social classes for the British

  • developed a trade with enemy ports of French West Indies and Spain

  • other colonists refused to send troops or money

    • wanted rights of Englishmen without responsibilities

      • different rules even though they’re a part

        • didn’t do anything until William Pitt offered $900k (took it)

          • colonies didn’t help without bribery

  • disunity in the colonies had existed since the early days (were basically separate entities - not close - only commonality → not liking British)

    • religion, nationality, border disputes, coast vs rural, etc.

  • some unity achieved during French & Indian War

    • realized in meetings that they were surprisingly agreeable with each other

• War’s fateful aftermath

  • British were more harsh and less friendly with Indians

  • Indian nations attacked British strongholds throughout the Great Lakes

    • Pontiac’s War, led by Ottawa chief Pontiac (2000 British killed settlers and soldiers)

  • British infected Indians with smallpox blankets

  • Proclamation of 1763

    • prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians

  • British government establishes law

    • colonists and native Americans separated → don’t follow this

      • many colonists were angry and viewed the interior of the continent as their land to explore

        • defiance → clogged the westward trails (came in numbers)

          • very few trails but come through anyway

• Deep roots of revolution

  • Radical Whigs

    • group of political commentators who feared a threat

  • republicanism - subordinate interests to the common good

  • not accurate to life

  
  

• Lexington & Concord = The shot heard ‘round the world (April 18, 1775)

  • accurate description due to effect it had on the standing of colonies

    • day-long impromptu fight

      • British make move on Sons of liberty (gunning for Sam Adams and John Hancock)

        • Paul Revere (the British are coming!)

          • on the way to Concord, end up in Lexington

            • Americans are outnumbered (minute men) and are persuaded to leave but starts to fight verbally - someone shot first bullet

            • starts chaos - Americans get the worst of it

            • British decide to continue their mission (failed)

            • British are in fortress on Castle Island & colonists are building fortifications

              • stand-off type situation

• The Second Continental Congress (1775 - 2 weeks after L&C)

  • meeting discussion - if the situation gets worse, Americans will need more than British militia

    • colony-wide militia force - need general for army (George Washington)

      • best choice - richest person, military experience, from the south (Virginia) making it a colony-wide militia (not just New England)

  • during the meeting - battle of Bunker Hill

    • British mission to go to the fortifications the colonists are building and mess it up (destroy them) and run off Americans

      • British victory - many British redcoats are killed in the process (in a sense unsuccessful)

  • The 2nd Continental Congress write letter to King George (Olive Branch Petition)

    • Olive Branch symbolizes peace - letter written to King George to intervene on their behalf (want the British to take their side)

      • Americans still not fighting for independence - want equal rights as Englishmen (want recognition/representation)

        • rejection of this letter = first push towards independence for Americans

      • Thomas Paine writes “Common Sense”

        • want people to hear him out with an open mind - lay out why colonies should be an independent country

          • different ethnic groups - not British anymore

          • Britain is far away - colonies population is doubling every 25 years (growing rapidly)

            • all the rage in the colonies

  • Evacuation Day (March 17, 1776)

    • British navy pick up and leave (supposedly run away)

      • false alarm - they come back

  • Declaration of Independence (1776)

    • Ask Thomas Jefferson to write the DOI

      • 200 copies are made - designed to be performed not just written

        • true audience is the people of America (huge ask)

        • no mention of slavery or women (controversial topics - Jefferson himself owned slaves but discussion the need for liberation?)

    • Loyalists are not happy - think independence isn’t needed

The American Revolution (1775-1783)

• Advantages (British)

  • best navy in the world (great for fighting on coastal territories)

    • professional army (redcoats)

  • centralized/organized (parli makes rules; top-down social hierarchy)

  • 3x population of American colonies

  • has colonial empire without American colonies (over 30 colonies)

  • money, industry, supplies

    • exported cash crops to England to create industry (England is in 1st Industrial Revolution)

  • allies: Loyalists, slaves, Native Americans (people on their side)

    • offered slaves freedom if they fought in favor of the British (lies but got more supporters for their cause)

  • hired mercenaries (“Hessians”)

    • hired soldiers for pay to do their fighting for them (rich way of fighting)

      • Hessians were ruthless

    
    

• Advantages (Americans)

  • Homefield advantage

  • unconventional tactics

    • Americans don’t follow rules (don’t listen but use this to get what they want)

  • leaderships (George Washington as general of the military - symbolic leader of the effort)

    • British tried to take down GW but always were unsuccessful

    • don’t kill leaders (unwritten rule) due to prominent families being at the top

  • English enemies

    • France wanted revenge on England (Spain is allied with France)

      • more countries will ultimately be fighting against Great Britain

  • decentralized

    • good for Americans since they’re being invaded (no central gov.)

      • with distributed governments throughout the 13 colonies, makes it harder for the British to take down all higher powers

  • massive coastlines

    • blockage (central to British tradition in conflict) - ships are set to create a “wall” to crush trade

  • English distractions (Whigs, Irish problem, other colonies)

    • Irish hate the British (whole situation in UK area)

    • Whigs in Parliament are arguing in favor of American representation

  • motivation

    • more motivated than British in terms of soldiers

      • British soldiers are drafted (don’t want to fight)

      • Americans (volunteers not drafted soldiers) fighting to defend their lives, homes, way of life, etc. (not liberty or independence - DOI level type thing)

  • definition of victory

    • both sides have to do different things to win

      • British - have to defeat and control the 13 colonies

      • Americans - win by not losing (survive long enough), win enough battles to get foreign countries’ help

        • don’t have to defeat British, just outlast them until they give in

          • much easier than what Britain has to do to win

• Phase I - The Northern Campaign (1775-1776)

• Phase II - NY & PA (1777-1778)

  • British take NY and PA (starting to look bad for the Americans

  • Saratoga - after the battle here, there was a turning point

    
    

Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

• mercantilism causes the imports of the colonies to be higher than the exports

  • in the mother country, the exports are higher (want to make money through exports - markets for their goods)

    • want to sell more stuff out than mother country buys

• imports and exports go down (plumet during relvolution)

• imports increasing in 1778

  • importing war material from france

Whole sale price index:

• inflation during the revolution was through the roof (expensive war)

  • britian establishes blockades

  • printing more money (in time of crisis/in debt)

    • creating more inflation (economy tanks)

      • affects more americans than the war does (colony wide issue)

Loyalist Stronghold

• more loyalists resided in the southern colonies

  • also live mostly on the coast

    • every major city has loyalists

      • british officals in the areas, already wealthy (from multi-gen families) and want to reside in an established area (major cities)

    • the americans want a revolution to create a drastic change

    • the moment the rebellion turned into a revolution → declaration of independence

      • they’re poorer and want to fight for their way of life to change (losing in society)

        • the loyalists aren’t in favor of the war (wealthier so they’re already winning - don’t want a change)

Revolutionary Diplomacy and the Treaty of Paris: who are the winners and losers?

• Players (what does each hope to get out of the conflict? - set out in their own best interests)

  • United States

    • goals

      • independence

      • no land concessions to anyone

      • free trade with everyone (free trade country in a merchantilist world? - difficult conflict)

      • recognition and respect (different from independence)

    • the Model Treaty

    • results

      • became an independent country

      • didn’t have to give up any of the states to pay for independence (no land concessions achieved)

      • maintain trading with everybody, but everyone else sticks to merchantilism

      • don’t get recogntion and respect as a country

  • Great Britian

    • goals

      • keep the colonies (priority #1)

      • preserve their status and empire

      • dominate trade with the US (want to keep the graph from before the war going)

      • ensure fair treatment of loyalists (patriotic)

    • results

      • didn’t keep the colonies (became independent)

      • did preserve status and empire (maintain postion at the top)

      • dominate trade with the US (export 3x what americans do - merchantilism is alive)

      • try and fail to ensure fair treatment of loyalists (treaty of paris only recs a solution - not enforced through the laws of each of the states)

      • maintain trading with US and get all the benefits of this without having to protect and worry about taxes

  • France

    • goals

      • revenge on Great Britian (lost to the british 4 times)

      • reduce/replace Britain as the most powerful country in the world

      • get land concessions from US (reestablish france’s empire in america)

      • dominate trade with US

    • Treaty of Alliance (1778)

      • france openly signs with US (colonies)

        • both regcognize they don’t like each other but can benefit off of an alliance for their circumstances

          • france was worried that the colonies would fall back to being dependent on Brits

        • US won’t make seperate peace with England

    • results

      • kinda got their revenge (not as satifying)

        • British are still #1

      • didn’t replace or reduce British

      • didn’t get land concessions from US

      • didn’t dominate trade with US

      • the american revolution sucess is one of the major causes of the French revolution

        • more of a loss for louis the 16th → helped with the american rev. and makes decisions that will cost him his head in the french rev.

  • Spain

    • goals

      • revenge on Great Britian

      • territorial gain (Glorida? Gibraltar?)

      • contain the US as a secondary power

    • Family Compact

      • France can’t make agreements unless spain says yes

        • Spain doesn’t like US bc a new world colony declaring independence is a problem bc they have many colonies (would encourage the loss of their empire) & americans have demonstrated they’re expansionists

    • results

      • did get Florida, not Gibraltar

      • didn’t contain the US as a secondary power

      • lose their empire (partly bc they helped US become a country)

  • the Netherlands (the dutch)

    • goals

      • profit from loans made to the US

        • worried if we don’t win, they won’t get their money back

    • Treat of Amity and Commerce

    • results

      • we win, but have no money to give them

  • Native Americans

    • goals

      • end the expansion of whites into their territory

    • results

      • doesn’t really happen, but treaties are made to create a formed civil peace

  • the “Armed Neutrality”

    • goals

      • gain relaxation of trade policy through a reduced Britian

    • results

      • doesn’t happen

The Heritage of the Revolution

• so the americans won the revolution - what challenges do they face now?

  • form of government

    • can a republic work?

      • not seen since Rome

      • is the US too big tho?

  • state cooperation

    • common enemy now gone

    • decentralized nature becomes apparent (where’s the power?)

  • trade problems

    • “free trade country in the mercantilist world”

    • states tax each other

      • no one wants to trade with US

  • the economy

    • wrecked by the war (borrowed a lot of money they don’t have to give back)

      • debt, inflation, speculation

  • lurking foreign powers

    • all countries expect us to fail - positioning to take

  • western lands

    • landed vs landless debate

    • should new states equal old ones?

      • 13 OG states should be higher up (sacrificed for country to be formed)

  • slavery

    • should we do something about it?

    • we decides? slave trade?

  • loyalists

    • fair treatment

Moderation - 10/16

• Bacground

  • America has just got independence

  • foreign relations

    • britian - lost the war

    • spain

  • treatment of america

    • disrespect begins - britian refused to make any commerical treaty (refused to repeal navigation laws - can’t trade with british colonial possessions bc colonies only serve mother country) and cut off trade with west indies

      • still trading with Britian itself, but their goal is to maximize their exports (have better economy in mother country)

  • interest in america

    • reason for british staying

      • wanted to befriend indians - indians would defend natives from british canada

      • redcoats had chain of trading posts

  • spanish control

    • openly unfriendly to america

      • controlled mississippi (important to trade)

      • spain claims large area of the gulf of mexico

• Shay’s rebellion

  • demestic problems

    • king congress

      • idea about "tryrannical” collection of taxes

      • people believed taxation was unfair

      • colonies refused to pay taxes

    • taxes

      • system established for states to raise money for national government

      • requistion system

        • problem bc some states refused to pay anything

      • national government doesn’t have the power to tax → only states (had to ask the states for money)

    • interstate competition

      • states wanted more land (small battles fought)

      • heavy taxes on your neighbors (states taxing other states to make money for the state - ex. selling one thing in another state)

      • colonies still acting like individual countries

  • shay’s rebellion

    • led by captain daniel shays

      • former member of the continental army and revolutionary war veteran

    • farmers heavily taxed (can’t pay bills) - people losing property (tied to economic situation happening)

      • shays revolts against Massachuesetts

    • aftermath

      • civil unrest

        • although shays ws defeated, threat of armed revolt lingered

        • massachusetts pass debtor-relief laws

        • uncontrolled republicanism

        • fear of mobocracy (gov. influenced by the craze of the people)

      • critiques of government

        • needed strengthening

        • states rights vs central government authority

        • wanted to amend articles

        • unanimous support from all states needed (impossible since states have their own seperate adgendas - don’t agree)

• Jefferson’s letter (his POV)

  • no government (like the native americans)

  • everyone has a say (like the ancient greeks)

    • talks of th good and bad here

      • liked the liberity within this

        • subject to critizism tho (people will want their own stuff)

  • one person has a say (like european monarchies)

  • Beliefs

    • giving up some reights is necessary evil

    • prevents overpowering of government

    • public must also be attentive of political affairs

    • rebellion is good (for the gov.)

      • unsuccessful rebellions show insights (ex. shays rebellion)

• Washington’s letter (his POV)

  • background

    • wrote to henry knox about shays rebellion

  • beliefs

    • against the shays’s insurrection due to its violence

    • says it might lead to anarchy

    • wants change and kind of agrees with knox’s strong central gov.

    • doesn’t want to attend

      • goes anyway due to outside pressure

notes - 10/22

• the constitution of the US is based on the “philosophy of Hobbes and religion of Calvin”

  • people are more self-interested/selfish

• the quest of the fathers was reduced primarily to a search for constitutional devices that would force various interests to check and control one another

  • advantages of the constitution

    • maintain order against a popular uprising

      • standing army, stable taxation for gov. funding, regular elections

    • republicanism ‘wiser’ than democracy

      • senators appointed by state legislatures, supreme court appointed for life, standard terms of office

    • aristocracy and democracy neutralize each other

      • bicameral legislature, electoral college

• *due to political parties (unanticipated by the founders) the good intentions of the Constitution are not fulfilled - ex. Supreme Court justices can now vote on stuff based on their personal beliefs politically instead of doing what is best in general (appointed for life too)

• #1 fear of founders was a higher power working against them (advantages were made to prevent this)

• Electoral College can pick a candidate against the people even if the popular vote wins (the founders didn’t want the people to make dumb decisions during an election)

notes - 10/23

• Outside Constituion Hall (1787)

  • Elizabeth Willing Powell and Benjamin Franklin converse about the republic/monarchy

    • Franklin says the republic is in the hands of the future generations (no longer in his hands since he’s older)

• What compromises were hammered out at the Convention? (possible LEQ)

  • the Great Compromise (establishes house and senate as congress)

  • 3/5 Compromise

  • Slave Trade Compromise (don’t talk about it for 20 years)

  • Commerce Compromise (congress is able to tax imports not exports - favored southern states since much of their goods are exports)

  • 4 year Presidential term

  • War Powers Compromise

  • Electoral College

Moderation - 10/23

• About Hamilton

  • secretary of tresury

  • implemented financial policies that improved national credit, taxes

  • believes more strongly in national image

  • loosely intrepts the Constitution

  • wanted gov. to assume all state debt (like a credit score)

    • favored by northern states (like MA) with more debt

• About Jefferson

  • secretary of state

• political parties came from their debates (created division of ideas and viewpoints)

  • national bank debate

    • Hamilton wanted a national bank

      • wants to establish economy as stable for banks and other countries to do business with

        • if they don’t pay off debt, countries see they’re not responsible with money

          • more respect offered by other countries if paying responsibily on time (shows stablility of america)

    • Jefferson believed it infringed on state rights

• Federalists

  • supported the Hamiltonian finanncial plan

  • mostly comprised of the educated and properie

  • central gov has strong control

• Democratic-Republicans

  • many inland farmers, artisans, etc

  • states should have more power

• Debt

  • federalists said all debt is the responsiblity of the central gov.

    • paid off with interest

Major themes of Unit 3:

• contest for empire between FR and GB - treaty of pairs (not an essay)

• Causes of the Revolution

  • the in-class debate sheet

    • The contarsting faults of the Colonists and British imposed controlling madates, violatently retalitating rebellions, and abrupt self-governance causing the American Revolution.

• the revolutionary war (apush and the art of war) - not an essay

• Advantages/disadvantages of AM and GB (Revolutionary War)

  • GB established blockages, etc.

    • British: Blockades,

• Heritage of the Revolution

  • problems of the country after the Revolutionary War (“now what”)

    • don’t know how to approach starting a country

• Articles of Confederation (structure, why so weak?, strengths and weaknesses)

  • use consitution vs AOC chart

• George Washington challenges and solutions

  • problems that remained problems too after him

• Rise of the first American political party system

  • Hamilton and Jefferson debate

  • identify differences they believed in (dem-reps and federalists)

• the US under John Adams and the election of 1800 (not an essay)

John Adams as President: 1797-1801

• Highlights

  • The Election of 1796 (first election in US)

    • newspapers on both sides

      • had no chill (outright lies too)

    • Adams (president) and Jefferson (vp) elected

      • didn’t get along at all

    • Jay’s treaty - in favor of England

      • France feels US is getting too close to england

        • retaliate by ceasing American shipping

          • Adams sends ppl to talk with france (XYZ affair)

  • the XYZ Affair

    • ask for a bribe (agents XYZ) set up by france (talarounde)

      • Adams is upset about this (feel disrespected)

        • issues with france just got worse

  • Undeclared War with France

    • issues with france continue

      • Adams maintains GW policy of neutrality (even though federalists are against it) - best thing he did

  • The Alien and Sedition Acts

    • Dem-reps print outright lies about Adams

      • french agents for gov. were sent to help print all the lies made on both sides of newspapers (create wedge in America)

        • this gets to him (thin skin)

          • immigration is an issue too (join the dem-rep party)

            • makes sense since they’re poorer and moving to the west (not upper class - economic immigrants)

              • Federalist Party not growing

    • Sedition Acts - made it illegal to spread lies

      • violated Bill of Rights but happened anyway

    • Alien Acts - 1st anti-immigration legislation

      • nativism - anti-immigrant sentiment (favoring your own people)

        • “these people are taking our jobs” “they’re disloyal to our country and destroying it”

      • makes it harder for immigrants to become citizens and gives the president the ability to deport people

  • The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

    • federalists abusing their power (dem-reps are upset)

      • they write 2 resolutions about this

        • states should have the power to nullify (say no) to the national gov.

          • nullification doesn’t go away

        • kept part of the president deporting dangerous people

  • The Election of 1800

    • Adams loses against Jefferson

      • alien and sedition acts lost it for him

    • good things Adams did during term

      • maintain neutrality (GW policy)

      • turned over power to political enemy

        • doesn’t fight losing the election

          • establishes that election results matter (quietly goes home)