Eye, Ear, Skin, Cancer (test 5)

Part of Final Review

Neoplasm

abnormal replication of cells causing new growth (benign or malignant)

Sarcoma

Arises from bone

Carcinoma

Epithelial origin

Radionuclide/isotope seeking scan

isotope is a tumor seeking chemical

Measures to prevent cancer

- maintaining healthy weight
- nitrate and nitrate additives are known to be cancer stimulators
- alcohol moderation

Biological response modifiers

stimulate or suppress immune activity to try and control malignancy without effect on other cells

two types:
- Interleukins = help immune system find and destroy cancer cells

-Interferons= slow division of cancer cells and stimulate natural killer cells

Interleukins

Help immune system find and destroy cancer cells

Interferons

Slow division of cancer cells and stimulate natural killer cells

Eustachian tube

Connects middle ear with the throat

Romberg test

tests equilibrium

Farsightedness

hyperopia

nearsightedness

myopia

Age related eye changes

- iris does not dilate (falls)
-cataracts
-dry eye

presbyopia = aging eye

If foreign body in eye

- irrigate with tap water or saline
- patch both eyes

Eye drop application

pull down on lower eyelid and put drops into conjunctival sac

Eye ointment application

apply a thin layer along the entire conjunctival sac

Glaucoma

increase IOP causes optic nerve damage
- narrow angle (build up of fluid) (acute) (angle closure)
- open angle/wide angle (chronic) (slow over time)

Narrowing of vision common S/S

Retinal detachment

most common cause is DM
- S/S common is curtain like vision due to detachment

Macular degeneration

- most common eye disease
- macula shows colors and central vision

Layers of skin

epidermis

Dermis consists of

dense connective tisssue

Epidermis consists of

squamous epithelium

Subcut consists of

adipose to cushion bones.

Skin tears

category 1- better

Skin tenting

more than 8 seconds = dehydrated

Min urine output for adult

30 ml/hr

Steven Johnson syndrome

lesions on skin and mouth

Shingles

painful lesions on nerve path
- same bacteria that causes chicken pox (varicella)
- shingles is not contagious but you can get chicken pox
- chicken pox is super dangerous for fetus
- you can get vaccine after having it once!

Skin cancer ABCDE

A-asymmetry
B-borders (elevated border?)
C-color (changing in color)
D-diameter (getting bigger?)
E-evolution (changing?)

Basal cell carcinoma

- most common
- rarely life threatening

Squamous cell carcinoma

- rarely life threatening but more serious than basal cell
- can be treated with topical imiquimod

Malignant melanoma

- deadly
- arises from pigment producing cells

Burns calorie requirement

>4

Fluid resuscitation

Replacement of the extensive fluid and electrolyte losses associated with major burn injuries.