Ethnicity and achievement - cultural

Language

• Bowker (1968) - lack of English is a barrier to integration in society - lower income cannot attainment of Pakistani and Bangladeshi before 2014 partly explained by this

• Bangladeshi results have been improving and above white people at GCSE level - lowest achieving is white FSM pupils

Parental aspirations

• Aspiration and achieving reasons for high achievement of Chinese - FSM Chinese higher achievements than other FSM pupils

• Steve Strand 2014 - parents from Pakistani, Indian + Bangladeshi more likely than white British to have higher education aspirations

Male subcultures

• African-Caribbean boys do less well than girls

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