Quarter 3 Final EBQ & AAQ

Psychoanalytic Theory

• Theory

  • Emotional disorders stem from the unconscious

  • Personality is formed from id, ego, and superego

  • Defense mechanisms fend off anxiety

Psychodynamic Theory

• Theory

  • Unconscious & conscious interact

  • Childhood experiences and defense mechanisms = important

  • Personality

    • dynamic interplay of unconscious & conscious motives

Humanistic Theory

• Theory

  • focusing on ways for people to strive toward self-realization & actualization

    • rather than struggles of psychology

  • Personality

    • result of meeting human needs

Trait Theory

• Theory

  • We have stable, enduring traits influenced by genes and shaped by env’t

  • Personality

    • Big 5 traits

Social-Cognitive Theory

• Theory

  • Traits & social context interact to influence our behaviors

  • Personality

    • result of learning (conditioning & observational)

      • that interacts with cognition

        • interaction makes behavioral patterns

Id

Unconscious part of mind in personality; pleasure-seeking, inner dark desires of the unconscious mind

Ego

Largely conscious, executive part of mind in personality; what everybody sees; mediates between id & superego

Superego

Partly conscious and unconscious part of mind in personality; internalized ideals, doing what is morally right; id & ego referee

Repression

Basic defense mechanism; banishing of conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories; underlies all other defense mechanisms & enables them

Regression

Defense mechanism: Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Reaction Formation

Defense mechanism: Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Projection

Defense mechanism: Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Rationalization

Defense mechanism: Offering self-justifying excuses in place of more real & threatening unconscious reasons for actions

Displacement

Defense mechanism: Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object/person

Sublimation

Defense mechanism: Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behaviors

Denial

Defense mechanism: Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Carl Jung

Psychodynamic theorist, developed concept of unconscious

Collective Unconscious

Concept that we have a shared, inherited part of the unconscious mind that holds universal ideas & images

Projective Tests

Personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics; Used by psychodynamic theory

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective test where people make up stories about ambiguous scenes, expressing inner feelings & interests; most reliable and valid projective test

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Projective test where people describe what they see based off a set of 10 ink blots, revealing people’s inner feelings by interpretation analysis; low reliability and low validity

False Consensus Effect

Tendency for us to overestimate the extent that others share beliefs & behaviors with us

Terror-management Theory

Theory that explains how people deal with the anxiety of death; people aim to increase self-esteem to cope with the fear of dying

Person-centered Perspective

Carl Roger’s Humanistic perspective;

A growth-promoting climate requires 3 conditions:

1. Genuineness

2. Acceptance

   • Unconditional positive regard

3. Empathy

Unconditional Positive Regard

Attitude of total acceptance towards another person

Self-concept

All thoughts & feelings about ourselves

“Who Am I?” Answer

If positive → we live positively

If negative → we fall short of our ideal self and feel dissatisfied & unhappy

Gordon Allport

Theorist that began description of personality in temrs of fundamental traits

Traits

Characteristic pattern of behavior; disposition to feel & act

When stable & enduring, guide our actions & personalities

Eysenck Personality Theory & Model

Theory/concept that we can reduce many individual variations of traits into a couple dimensions:

• extraversion-introversion

• emotional stability-instability

Personality Inventories

Questionnaire designed to assess several selected personality traits at once; Used by trait theory

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Most widely used personality test & empirically derived; developed to identify emotional disorders

Empirically Derived [test]

Developed by testing pool of items, then selecting those that discriminate between groups

Big 5 Personality Factors

5 Dimensions of Personality developed by trait theorists:

1. Conscientiousness

   • Disorganized, Careless, Impulsive ←→ Organized, Careful, Disciplined

2. Agreeableness

   • Ruthless, Suspicious, Uncooperative ←→ Soft-hearted, Trusting, Helpful

3. Neuroticism

   • Calm, Secure, Self-satisfied ←→ Anxious, Insecure, Self-pitying

4. Openness

   • Practical, Prefer routine, Conforming ←→ Imaginative, Prefer variety, Independent

5. Extraversion

   • Retiring, Sober, Reserved ←→ Sociable, Fun-loving, Affectionate

Behavioral approach

Perspective that focuses on the effects of learning on personality development; considered by Social-Cognitive theorists

Reciprocal Determinsim

Theory proposed by Bandura:

A person’s behavior influences and is influenced by the interaction of our internal cognition and our social environment

Attributional style

The way we explain negative or positive events

Positive → Optimism

Negative → Pessimism

Positive Psychology

Scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover & promote strengths & virtues that enable people to thrive

Self

The center of personality

Organizer of our thoughts, feelings & actions

Spotlight Effect

Our tendency to overestimate how much others notice & evaluate our looks, performance, and blunders

Self-esteem

One’s feelings of high or low self-worth

Self-efficacy

One’s sense of competence & effectiveness

Self-serving Bias

Our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Narcissism

Excessive love & self absorption from difficulty coming out of egocentric nature during early development

Defensive self-esteem

Low and fragile self-esteem

Focuses on sustaining itself

Views failure & criticism as threat

Secure self-esteem

High, stable, and well-anchored self-esteem

Enables us to feel accepted for who we are

Individualism

Giving priority to our own goals over group goals

Defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Strive for personal control & individual achievement

Collectivism

Giving priority to group goals

Defining one’s identity in terms of social norms, values, and roles

Strive to maintain connections, fit in, and perform social roles

Motivation

Need or desire that energizes & directs behavior

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Theory that states that all organisms are born with predisposed instincts passed down through evolution that drive our motivations and behaviors.

Instinct

Complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout species

Drive-reduction Theory of Motivation

Theory that states that behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives and to maintain homeostasis; As physiological need increases, psychological drive increases

Homeostasis

Maintaining a balanced internal state; the physiological aim of drive-reduction theory

Incentives

Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior and pulls us in

Optimal Arousal Theory of Motivation

Theory that states that we are motivated to seek out activities or behaviors in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Principle that states that performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, where beyond that point performance decreases

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Theory that states that some needs take priority over others; Physiological needs must be satisfied before safety, psychological, and self-fulfillment needs can be met

Glucose

Simple sugar that provides major source of energy for the body; circulates in blood; when low, hunger increases

Hypothalamus (& Neural areas)

• Monitor levels of appetite hormones

• Monitor blood chemistry & glucose levels

• Monitor incoming info about body’s state

Insulin

• Appetite hormone

• Secreted by pancreas & enters bloodstream

• Controls blood glucose

Ghrelin

• Appetite hormone

• Secreted by empty stomach & enters hypothalamus & brain

• Send hungry signals to brain

Orexin

• Appetite hormone

• Secreted by hypothalamus & spreads throughout brain and rest of body

• Hunger-triggering

Leptin

• Appetite hormone

• Secreted by fat cells & enters hypothalamus & brain

• Send “not hungry” signals to brain

  • Increase metabolism

  • Decrease hunger

PYY (Peptide YY)

• Appetite hormone

• Secreted by digestive tract & enters hypothalamus & brain

• Send “not hungry” signals to brain

  • Reduced hunger

  • Inhibited appetite

Set point

Body’s “weight thermostat”; when body is below this weight → increased hunger & lowered metabolic weight to restore lost weight

Basal metabolic rate

Body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

Sexual dysfunction

Problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal & functioning

Human sexual response cycle

4 stage cycle during sexual arousal

1. Excitement

2. Plateau

3. Orgasm

4. Resolution

Refractory period

Resting period after orgasm where men cannot achieve another orgasm

Affiliation need

Our need to belong; basic human motivation → many of our behaviors are driven by this need; we are innately social and suffer when we do not achieve social needs

Self-esteem

Gauge of how valued & accepted we feel

Love

Feeling that activates brain reward & safety systems (prefrontal cortex); activation dampens feeling of physical pain

Ostracism

Social exclusion; can have extremely negative effects:

• Anterior cingulate cortex activation

  • can lead to experiencing real physical pain

• Can put us at risk:

  • mentally

  • physically

Emotion

Response of whole organism, involving:

1. Physiological arousal

   • e.g. heart pounding

2. Expressive behaviors

   • e.g. quickened pace

3. Conscious experience

   • e.g. thoughts & feelings

James-Lange Theory

Theory that states that feelings follow response

Stimuli → Physiological response → emotion

“We feel sad BECAUSE we cry”

Cannon-Bard Theory

Theory that states that feelings & body response happen simultaneously

Stimuli → Physiological response + emotion

“We feel sad AS we cry”

Two-factor Theory

Theory that states that to experience emotions, one must:

1. Be physically aroused

2. Cognitively label the arousal

Physical arousal + cognitive labeling = experienced emotion

Thinking high road

Road of experiencing emotions

Fear stimulus → Thalamus → Sensory Cortex → Prefrontal Cortex → Amygdala → Fear response

Takes some processing and time

Speedy low road

Road of experiencing emotions

Fear stimulus → Thalamus → Amygdala → Fear response

Nearly instant

Zajonc/DeDoux Theory

Some emotional responses occur immediately & automatically, without cognitive appraisal

Lazarus Theory

Cognitive appraisal (“Is this dangerous or harmless?”) defines emotion; sometimes without our conscious awareness

Autonomic Nervous System

Responsible for arousal in emotions

Sympathetic Division: Arousing

Parasympathetic Division: Calming

Facial Feedback Effect

Tendency for facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings

Smiling → feel more joy

Frowning → feel more sad

Behavior Feedback Effect

Tendency for behavior to influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions

Stress

Process of perceiving & responding to stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging

Stressors

Stimulus that causes a stress response; 3 main types:

• Catastrophes

• Significant life changes

• Daily hassles

Catastrophic Stressors

Large-scale, unpredictable events; nearly always appraised as threatening

Significant Life Change Stressors

Life transitions, even positive ones; Stress=highest in young adulthood

Daily Hassle Stressors

Everyday annoyances that add up overtime, and can take toll on health

Walter Cannon’s Stress Theory

Stress response is a “fight-or-flight” system activated by the Sympathetic Nervous System

Glucocorticoids

• Stress hormones

  • namely cortisol

• Secreted by outer part of adrenals

• Commanded by hypothalamus & pituitary gland

• Trigger physiological changes to help cope with stress

• Can suppress immune system activity OVER TIME

Stress Response Systems

Sympathetic Nervous System Response

• fight-or-flight

• epinephrine & norepinephrine secretion

• immediate stress response

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

• hypothalamus → pituitary → outer adrenals

  • glucocorticoid secretion

• prolonged stress response

General Adaptation Syndrome

Body goes through process due to any kind of stress;body copes well w/ temporary stress, but prolonged stress can cause damage

3 phases

1. Alarm

   • SNS activation

2. Resistance

   • Hormone secretion

   • Temp, bp, respiration all high

   • Body ready to face challenge

3. Exhaustion

   • W/o relief from stress, resources run out → body vulnerable

Telomeres

DNA at ends of chromosomes; damage can be done to these after prolonged stress, hastening cell death & aging

Tend-And-Befriend response

Providing support to others (tend) and bonding with & seeking supportt from others (befriend) during stressful times; likely caused by release of oxytocin; mostly seen in women

Psychophysiological Illness

“Mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness

e.g. headaches

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes affect the immune system & resulting health

Lymphocytes

Two types of white blood cells in the immune system that fight off foreign substances or infections

B Lymphocytes

• Immune System cell

• Form in bone marrow

• Release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

T Lymphocytes

• Immune System cell

• Form in thymus & other lymphatic tissue

• Attack cancer cells, viruses, & other foreign substances

Macrophages

• Immune System cell

• Attacks worn-out cells and harmful intruders