Studied by 3 peopleConfucianism
A philosophy emphasizing hierarchical relationships in society and filial piety, revived by the Song Dynasty rulers in East Asia.
Filial piety
The practice of honoring one's ancestors and parents, a key aspect of Confucian teachings in the Song Dynasty.
Neo-Confucianism
An ideology in East Asia that blended Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist ideas, influencing the Song Dynasty.
Imperial bureaucracy
A system in the Song Dynasty where positions were awarded based on merit through civil service exams to ensure obedience to the emperor's rule.
Foot binding
A practice in the Song Dynasty where women's feet were bound to restrict their growth, more prevalent in elite societies.
Mahayana Buddhism
A branch of Buddhism that emphasizes compassion and makes the Buddha an object of devotion, coexisting with Confucianism in Chinese society.
Champa rice
A high-yield crop introduced in the Song Dynasty, leading to a population boom and increased agricultural output in China.
Delhi Sultanate
A Turkic Muslim state established in South Asia, facing resistance from Hindu kingdoms like the Rajput Kingdoms.
Sufism
A mystical and spiritual form of Islam practiced by Sufis, significant for the spread of Islam worldwide.
Mississippian culture
A North American civilization known for extensive mound-building projects, hierarchical society, and agricultural focus in the Mississippi River Valley.
Feudalism
A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights where land is exchanged to maintain loyalty and independence in ruling.
Manorialism
Peasants (serfs) bound to land and working in exchange for protection from the lord and his military forces, distinct from slavery as they were not owned by the lord.
Silk Roads
A network of roads and trails facilitating trade, cultural diffusion, and the exchange of luxury items like Chinese silk across Eurasia.
Pax Mongolica
A period of peace and stability under Mongol rule, organizing the empire into khanates and adopting cultural norms of the ruled regions.
Indian Ocean Trade Network
A sea route network connecting states through trade, influenced by the collapse of the Mongol Empire and advancements in transportation technologies.
Trans-Saharan Trade Network
Trade routes connecting North Africa with West Africa, facilitated by transportation technologies like camels and caravanserais, trading goods like gold and salt.
Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Empires that expanded geographically by adopting gunpowder weapons, leading to significant territorial growth.
Qing Dynasty
Established by the Manchu people during the decline of the Ming Dynasty, they undertook a campaign to claim former Ming territories like Taiwan and Mongolia.
Devshirme System
Implemented by the Ottomans, it involved enrolling high-trained individuals, often enslaved Christian boys, into the bureaucracy to create elite soldiers like the Janissaries.
Divine Right of Kings
In Europe, rulers claimed their authority as being approved by Jesus, making opposition to the king tantamount to opposing God.
Palace of Versailles
Built for Louis XIV in the 14th century, this huge palace symbolized his consolidation of power by making the French nobility live there part-time.
Zamindar System
Introduced by the Mughals, it employed local landowners to collect taxes due to suspicion towards Muslim rulers among the Hindu population.
Columbian Exchange
Refers to the transfer of diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres following Columbus' contact between the two worlds.
Caravel
A nimble ship developed by the Portuguese for exploration, equipped with cannons and used for trade and domination of the seas.
Encomienda System
Utilized by the Spanish, it forced indigenous Americans to provide labor in exchange for food and protection, resembling a feudal system.
Chattel Slavery
A labor system where individuals are owned as property, often based on race and leading to hereditary slavery.
Hacienda System
Large agricultural estates in Spanish colonies where laborers, often indigenous people, were forced to work the fields for export.
Encomienda
System focusing on controlling the population
Hacienda
System focusing on the economics of food
African Slave Trade
Continuity in the movement of enslaved individuals
Cultural Assimilation
Process where enslaved individuals adopted new cultures
Mercantilism
Economic system emphasizing wealth accumulation through trade balance
Joint-Stock Companies
Business funded by a group of investors with limited liability
Atlantic System
Movement of goods between eastern and western hemispheres
Maroon Societies
Communities of free blacks formed by escaped enslaved individuals
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement applying reason to understand the world
Deism
Belief in a distant creator God who does not intervene in the world
Natural Rights
Inherent rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments
Social Contract
Agreement where people form governments to protect their rights
Nationalism
Sense of common identity based on shared characteristics
Popular Sovereignty
Concept that power to govern resides with the people
Democracy
System where people have the right to vote and influence policies
Liberalism
Emphasized protection of civil rights, representative govt, private property, and economic freedom.
American Revolution (1776)
Resulted from new taxes, curtailment of freedoms, and adoption of enlightenment principles.
French Revolution (1789)
Sparked by suspicion of the King, leading to the establishment of a republic and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
Haitian Revolution (1791)
Led by Toussaint Louverture, resulting in the defeat of the French and the establishment of the first black government.
Creole Revolution
Triggered by Napoleon's invasion of Spain, leading to Latin American colonies' independence and republican governments.
Industrial Revolution
Transition from agrarian to industrial economies, changing political power balance and societies, making industrial nations wealthy.
Propaganda Movement (Philippines)
Sparked by the introduction of enlightenment ideas, leading to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish control.
Unification of Italy & Germany
Military leaders inspired unity under a single government through diplomacy and military tactics.
Factory System
Concentrated production in one location, powered by water, leading to specialization of labor and rapid industrialization.
Steam Engine
Converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy, revolutionizing factories and transportation, leading to rapid industrialization.
Transnational Corporations
Companies established in one country with operations in many others, relying on banking and finance practices.
Limited Liability
Protected financial investment of owners in businesses, allowing for investment in corporate ventures with financial protection.
Educational Reform
European governments passed compulsory education laws to ensure young children attend school, preparing them for specialized high-paying jobs in an evolving economy.
Labor Union
A collective of workers joining together to protect their interests, advocating for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.
Marxism
Ideology by Karl Marx advocating for the transformation of the capitalist system to social ownership of the means of production, foreseeing a classless society through a violent revolution.
Self-strengthening Movement
Reforms in Qing China aiming at industrialization and modernization, hindered by conservative resistance and ultimately failing after defeat in the Sino-Japanese War.
Tanzimat Reforms
Ottoman reforms in the mid-19th century including building textile factories, implementing western law codes, and establishing education systems, leading to the emergence of the Young Ottomans seeking political change.
Settler Colonies
Colonies where an imperial power claims inhabited territories, sending their own people to establish societies, as seen in British settlements in Australia and New Zealand.
Scientific Racism
The hierarchical ranking of humans based on race, dividing people into distinct biological classes, often used to justify imperialistic actions and discrimination.
Civilizing Mission
The duty felt by Western societies to bring their civilization to "lower" societies, often involving the imposition of Western education, governance, and culture on colonized lands.
Export Economies
Economies focused on exporting raw materials or goods for distant markets, driven by the need for resources for industrial factories and the supply of food to growing urban centers.
Economic Imperialism
The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means, often serving the interests of the colonizing overlords rather than the indigenous people.
Opium Wars
Series of conflicts where Britain forced China to open new trading ports through the export of opium, leading to China's economic dependence on Western powers.
Commodity Trade
The exchange of goods like cotton and palm oil, shaping the world economy to benefit imperial powers at the expense of colonial populations.
Causes of Migration
Factors such as demographic changes, famine, and technological advancements leading to significant population movements.
Effects of Migration
Including gender imbalances, the formation of ethnic enclaves, and the rise of nativism in response to increased migration flows.
Nativism
A policy favoring native-born individuals over immigrants, often rooted in ethnic or racial prejudice, leading to discriminatory government policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Total War
A conflict requiring the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian, with propaganda playing a crucial role in boosting morale and nationalism.
Treaty of Versailles
The peace treaty that ended WWI, punishing Germany and contributing to economic crises like hyperinflation, ultimately leading to the Great Depression.
Soviet Union Economic Policies
From Lenin's New Economic Policy to Stalin's Five Year Plans and collectivization of agriculture, impacting the Soviet economy and resulting in the Holodomor famine.
New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt's program during the Great Depression, aiming to stimulate the economy through infrastructure projects, retirement programs, and government-sponsored insurance.
Paris Peace Conference
Aimed to dismantle Ottoman and German empires, dividing colonial powers among themselves.
Self-determination
Principle advocated by Woodrow Wilson during peace negotiations, stating states should govern themselves.
Mandate system
Middle Eastern territories administered by League of Nations, classified into Class A, B, and C based on population and development.
Anti-colonial resistance
Enraged colonies against British and French occupation in territories like Iraq, Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon.
Indian National Congress
Formed in the 19th century, petitioned British government for self-rule in India, led by Mohandas Gandhi in peaceful protests.
Fascism
Political philosophy with extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and materialistic goals, exemplified by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany.
Blitzkrieg
Strategy used by Germany in WWII, combining air assault and quick infantry movements for rapid enemy elimination.
Atomic Bomb
Developed by the US, used in WWII to destroy entire cities, leading to Japan's surrender and end of the war in the Pacific.
Berlin Blockade
Soviet blockade in Western Allied Berlin zones to prevent supplies.
Berlin Airlift
Allies flew supplies into Berlin zones during the blockade.
Germany Division
Split into Federal Republic of Germany (West) and German Democratic Republic (East).
Berlin Wall
Wall built by East Germany to prevent population escape.
NATO
Western nations treaty for mutual support against conflicts.
Warsaw Pact
Communist bloc alliance led by Moscow.
SEATO
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to stop communism spread.
CENTO
Anti-Soviet treaty organization in the Middle East.
Proxy Wars
Wars during the Cold War with smaller countries as stand-ins.
Korean War
Conflict between North and South Korea with UN and U.S. involvement.
Vietnam War
Conflict between North and South Vietnam with U.S. involvement.
Cuban Revolution
Communist takeover in Cuba and alliance with the Soviet Union.
Bay of Pigs
Failed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles supported by the U.S.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Tensions over Soviet missiles in Cuba and U.S. missiles in Turkey.
Nuclear Treaties
Agreements to limit nuclear testing and proliferation.
Mao Zedong
Chinese Communist leader and founder of the People’s Republic of China.
Great Leap Forward
Chinese policy promoting land reforms and communes.
Cultural Revolution
Mao's effort to strengthen China's commitment to communism.
Iranian Revolution
Overthrow of the Shah and establishment of an Islamic government.
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