APWH NOTES

Confucianism

Confucianism

A philosophy emphasizing hierarchical relationships in society and filial piety, revived by the Song Dynasty rulers in East Asia.

Filial piety

The practice of honoring one's ancestors and parents, a key aspect of Confucian teachings in the Song Dynasty.

Neo-Confucianism

An ideology in East Asia that blended Confucianism with Buddhist and Daoist ideas, influencing the Song Dynasty.

Imperial bureaucracy

A system in the Song Dynasty where positions were awarded based on merit through civil service exams to ensure obedience to the emperor's rule.

Foot binding

A practice in the Song Dynasty where women's feet were bound to restrict their growth, more prevalent in elite societies.

Mahayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism that emphasizes compassion and makes the Buddha an object of devotion, coexisting with Confucianism in Chinese society.

Champa rice

A high-yield crop introduced in the Song Dynasty, leading to a population boom and increased agricultural output in China.

Delhi Sultanate

A Turkic Muslim state established in South Asia, facing resistance from Hindu kingdoms like the Rajput Kingdoms.

Sufism

A mystical and spiritual form of Islam practiced by Sufis, significant for the spread of Islam worldwide.

Mississippian culture

A North American civilization known for extensive mound-building projects, hierarchical society, and agricultural focus in the Mississippi River Valley.

Feudalism

A system of allegiances between powerful lords, monarchs, and knights where land is exchanged to maintain loyalty and independence in ruling.

Manorialism

Peasants (serfs) bound to land and working in exchange for protection from the lord and his military forces, distinct from slavery as they were not owned by the lord.

Silk Roads

A network of roads and trails facilitating trade, cultural diffusion, and the exchange of luxury items like Chinese silk across Eurasia.

Pax Mongolica

A period of peace and stability under Mongol rule, organizing the empire into khanates and adopting cultural norms of the ruled regions.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

A sea route network connecting states through trade, influenced by the collapse of the Mongol Empire and advancements in transportation technologies.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Trade routes connecting North Africa with West Africa, facilitated by transportation technologies like camels and caravanserais, trading goods like gold and salt.

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Empires that expanded geographically by adopting gunpowder weapons, leading to significant territorial growth.

Qing Dynasty

Established by the Manchu people during the decline of the Ming Dynasty, they undertook a campaign to claim former Ming territories like Taiwan and Mongolia.

Devshirme System

Implemented by the Ottomans, it involved enrolling high-trained individuals, often enslaved Christian boys, into the bureaucracy to create elite soldiers like the Janissaries.

Divine Right of Kings

In Europe, rulers claimed their authority as being approved by Jesus, making opposition to the king tantamount to opposing God.

Palace of Versailles

Built for Louis XIV in the 14th century, this huge palace symbolized his consolidation of power by making the French nobility live there part-time.

Zamindar System

Introduced by the Mughals, it employed local landowners to collect taxes due to suspicion towards Muslim rulers among the Hindu population.

Columbian Exchange

Refers to the transfer of diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres following Columbus' contact between the two worlds.

Caravel

A nimble ship developed by the Portuguese for exploration, equipped with cannons and used for trade and domination of the seas.

Encomienda System

Utilized by the Spanish, it forced indigenous Americans to provide labor in exchange for food and protection, resembling a feudal system.

Chattel Slavery

A labor system where individuals are owned as property, often based on race and leading to hereditary slavery.

Hacienda System

Large agricultural estates in Spanish colonies where laborers, often indigenous people, were forced to work the fields for export.

Encomienda

System focusing on controlling the population

Hacienda

System focusing on the economics of food

African Slave Trade

Continuity in the movement of enslaved individuals

Cultural Assimilation

Process where enslaved individuals adopted new cultures

Mercantilism

Economic system emphasizing wealth accumulation through trade balance

Joint-Stock Companies

Business funded by a group of investors with limited liability

Atlantic System

Movement of goods between eastern and western hemispheres

Maroon Societies

Communities of free blacks formed by escaped enslaved individuals

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement applying reason to understand the world

Deism

Belief in a distant creator God who does not intervene in the world

Natural Rights

Inherent rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments

Social Contract

Agreement where people form governments to protect their rights

Nationalism

Sense of common identity based on shared characteristics

Popular Sovereignty

Concept that power to govern resides with the people

Democracy

System where people have the right to vote and influence policies

Liberalism

Emphasized protection of civil rights, representative govt, private property, and economic freedom.

American Revolution (1776)

Resulted from new taxes, curtailment of freedoms, and adoption of enlightenment principles.

French Revolution (1789)

Sparked by suspicion of the King, leading to the establishment of a republic and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Haitian Revolution (1791)

Led by Toussaint Louverture, resulting in the defeat of the French and the establishment of the first black government.

Creole Revolution

Triggered by Napoleon's invasion of Spain, leading to Latin American colonies' independence and republican governments.

Industrial Revolution

Transition from agrarian to industrial economies, changing political power balance and societies, making industrial nations wealthy.

Propaganda Movement (Philippines)

Sparked by the introduction of enlightenment ideas, leading to the Philippine Revolution against Spanish control.

Unification of Italy & Germany

Military leaders inspired unity under a single government through diplomacy and military tactics.

Factory System

Concentrated production in one location, powered by water, leading to specialization of labor and rapid industrialization.

Steam Engine

Converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy, revolutionizing factories and transportation, leading to rapid industrialization.

Transnational Corporations

Companies established in one country with operations in many others, relying on banking and finance practices.

Limited Liability

Protected financial investment of owners in businesses, allowing for investment in corporate ventures with financial protection.

Educational Reform

European governments passed compulsory education laws to ensure young children attend school, preparing them for specialized high-paying jobs in an evolving economy.

Labor Union

A collective of workers joining together to protect their interests, advocating for higher wages, limited working hours, and improved working conditions.

Marxism

Ideology by Karl Marx advocating for the transformation of the capitalist system to social ownership of the means of production, foreseeing a classless society through a violent revolution.

Self-strengthening Movement

Reforms in Qing China aiming at industrialization and modernization, hindered by conservative resistance and ultimately failing after defeat in the Sino-Japanese War.

Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman reforms in the mid-19th century including building textile factories, implementing western law codes, and establishing education systems, leading to the emergence of the Young Ottomans seeking political change.

Settler Colonies

Colonies where an imperial power claims inhabited territories, sending their own people to establish societies, as seen in British settlements in Australia and New Zealand.

Scientific Racism

The hierarchical ranking of humans based on race, dividing people into distinct biological classes, often used to justify imperialistic actions and discrimination.

Civilizing Mission

The duty felt by Western societies to bring their civilization to "lower" societies, often involving the imposition of Western education, governance, and culture on colonized lands.

Export Economies

Economies focused on exporting raw materials or goods for distant markets, driven by the need for resources for industrial factories and the supply of food to growing urban centers.

Economic Imperialism

The act of one state extending control over another state by economic means, often serving the interests of the colonizing overlords rather than the indigenous people.

Opium Wars

Series of conflicts where Britain forced China to open new trading ports through the export of opium, leading to China's economic dependence on Western powers.

Commodity Trade

The exchange of goods like cotton and palm oil, shaping the world economy to benefit imperial powers at the expense of colonial populations.

Causes of Migration

Factors such as demographic changes, famine, and technological advancements leading to significant population movements.

Effects of Migration

Including gender imbalances, the formation of ethnic enclaves, and the rise of nativism in response to increased migration flows.

Nativism

A policy favoring native-born individuals over immigrants, often rooted in ethnic or racial prejudice, leading to discriminatory government policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act.

Total War

A conflict requiring the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian, with propaganda playing a crucial role in boosting morale and nationalism.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended WWI, punishing Germany and contributing to economic crises like hyperinflation, ultimately leading to the Great Depression.

Soviet Union Economic Policies

From Lenin's New Economic Policy to Stalin's Five Year Plans and collectivization of agriculture, impacting the Soviet economy and resulting in the Holodomor famine.

New Deal

Franklin D. Roosevelt's program during the Great Depression, aiming to stimulate the economy through infrastructure projects, retirement programs, and government-sponsored insurance.

Paris Peace Conference

Aimed to dismantle Ottoman and German empires, dividing colonial powers among themselves.

Self-determination

Principle advocated by Woodrow Wilson during peace negotiations, stating states should govern themselves.

Mandate system

Middle Eastern territories administered by League of Nations, classified into Class A, B, and C based on population and development.

Anti-colonial resistance

Enraged colonies against British and French occupation in territories like Iraq, Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon.

Indian National Congress

Formed in the 19th century, petitioned British government for self-rule in India, led by Mohandas Gandhi in peaceful protests.

Fascism

Political philosophy with extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and materialistic goals, exemplified by Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany.

Blitzkrieg

Strategy used by Germany in WWII, combining air assault and quick infantry movements for rapid enemy elimination.

Atomic Bomb

Developed by the US, used in WWII to destroy entire cities, leading to Japan's surrender and end of the war in the Pacific.

Berlin Blockade

Soviet blockade in Western Allied Berlin zones to prevent supplies.

Berlin Airlift

Allies flew supplies into Berlin zones during the blockade.

Germany Division

Split into Federal Republic of Germany (West) and German Democratic Republic (East).

Berlin Wall

Wall built by East Germany to prevent population escape.

NATO

Western nations treaty for mutual support against conflicts.

Warsaw Pact

Communist bloc alliance led by Moscow.

SEATO

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization to stop communism spread.

CENTO

Anti-Soviet treaty organization in the Middle East.

Proxy Wars

Wars during the Cold War with smaller countries as stand-ins.

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea with UN and U.S. involvement.

Vietnam War

Conflict between North and South Vietnam with U.S. involvement.

Cuban Revolution

Communist takeover in Cuba and alliance with the Soviet Union.

Bay of Pigs

Failed invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles supported by the U.S.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Tensions over Soviet missiles in Cuba and U.S. missiles in Turkey.

Nuclear Treaties

Agreements to limit nuclear testing and proliferation.

Mao Zedong

Chinese Communist leader and founder of the People’s Republic of China.

Great Leap Forward

Chinese policy promoting land reforms and communes.

Cultural Revolution

Mao's effort to strengthen China's commitment to communism.

Iranian Revolution

Overthrow of the Shah and establishment of an Islamic government.