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Babylon

Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia
Cradle of civilization
Earliest known record of the practice of the art of the apothecary

Practitioners

2600 B.C.
Acted as priests, pharmacists and physicians

Clay Tablets of Mesopotamia

(800 Tablets)
• Medical texts
Records of the symptoms of illness, the prescription, directions for compounding, and invocation to the gods

Shen Nung

2000 B.C.
Father of Chinese Pharmaceutics
Emperor who investigated the medicinal value of herbs
Podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ma huang or ephedra

Pen T-Sao

native herbal recording of 365 drugs, written by Emperor Shen Nung

Lao Tzu

500 B.C.
Taoist & natural philosopher • Author of "The Way" • Promoted concept of health and prosperity through awareness and observance of natural cosmic cycles • Qi (energy) - balanced of Yin & Yang

Papyrus Ebers

(1500 B.C.)
Oldest, best known and most important pharmaceutical record • 21 yards (60 ft) long, contains 800 Rx mentioning 700 drugs • Contained the Egyptians' preparations such as gargles, suppositories, inhalations, poultices, ointment

Book of Sirach

creation of medicines by God

Genesis

myrrh as astringent, carminative and protectant

Exodus

olibanum (frankincense)

Terra Sigillata

(Sealed Earth)
Clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C. • One of the first therapeutic agents to bear a trademark as a means of identification of source and of gaining customer confidence

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine • Sought the rationalization of treatment • Introduced fundamentals of the scientific method
300 B.C.

Mithridates VI

King of Pontus • Father of Toxicology • Studied the art of poisoning and the art of preventing and counteracting poisoning • Mithridatum was his famed formula of alleged pan-antidotal powers and popular for over a thousand years
100 b.c.

Magna Carta of 1240

Issued by Frederick II, head of the Holy Roman Empire • Edict creating pharmacy as an independent branch of public welfare service • Pharmacy was separated from Medicine in Sicily and southern Italy • Limitation of the numbers of pharmacies • Fixed the prices of remedies • Required official supervision to pharmaceutical practice • Made the use of prescribed formulary compulsory

Nuovo Receptario

The First Official Pharmacopeia
Collaboration between the Guild of Apothecaries & Medical Society in Florence, Italy
was written in Italian and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498

Pedanios Dioscorides

Father of Pharmacology • "De Materia Medica" • His texts were considered basic science until the 16th century • Recorded what he observed, promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use (The Herbal)

De Materia Medica

written by Pedanios Dioscorides
observations on about 600 plants & 90 minerals, rules on collection of drugs, their storage and use

Claudius Galen

First pharmacist and botanist • Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome • Galenicals • Originator of the formula for a cold cream (Galen's cerates) • Galen's medical writings served as basis of treaties on simple drugs

Galenicals

refer to pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means

Damian and Cosmas

\___ - the apothecary • \___ - the physician • Twinship of the health professions • Arabian descent • Their careers were cut short in 303 AD by martyrdom • After canonization, they became the patron saints of Pharmacy and Medicine

Monastic Pharmacy

Monasteries became the center of intellectual life
Monks cultivated medicinal plants, and distilled aromatic and cordial waters • Famous manuscripts:
De Viribus Herbarum (Herbs Used by the People) by Abbot Odo in France
Causae et Curae by Abbess Hildegard in Germany

The Arabs

Separated the arts of apothecary and physician
Established in Baghdad (late 8th century) the 1st privately owned drugstore
Developed more refined and elegant way of administering drugs

Antidotaria

Similar to dispensatories, which are books describing the composition, preparation and uses of medicinal substances
Non-official pharmacopeia

Receptaria

Modest formularies, which are official lists of medicines that may be prescribed

Ibn Sina

Persian Galen
Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, diplomat
His pharmaceutical teaching contributed to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine

Paracelsus

Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
Revolutionized Pharmacy by introducing medicinal active "quintessence" from natural resources
Transformed pharmacy from botanical science to chemical science such as minerals
Led to important discoveries in drug therapy

Italy

1st professional European apothecary shop
1st post-antique antidotary
1st pharmacopoeia
1st real botanical garden

Ricettario Florentino

1st official pharmacopoeia of the European world

Francis Bacon

formed a separated company • Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London

Cristopher Marshall

Pioneered the pharmaceutical enterprise and established an apothecary shop in Philadelphia

Jonathan Roberts

Pharmacists in the 1st hospital pharmacy in America

John Morgan

Advocated for prescription writing

Carl Willhelm Scheele

Isolated oxygen; discovered chlorine and lactic acid

Andrew Craige

America's first Apothecary General; Developed wholesaling and manufacturing business of drugs.

Freidrich Willhelm Adam Serturner

Isolated morphine

Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou

Isolated quinine

William Withering

Isolated digoxin from digitalis

Edward Jenner

Developed the smallpox vaccine

Bernard Courtois

Isolated iodine in algae and bromine in sea water

Pierre Robiquet

Discovered codeine

Henri Moissan

Use of fluorine in electrolytic methods

Johannes Buchner

Isolated salicin from willow bark and nicotine from tobacco; aspirin and nicotinic acid production

Rudolf Brandes and Philipp Geiger

Isolated hyoscyamine and atropine

Paul Ehrlich

Discovered arsphenamine for syphilis

Gerhardt Domagk

Discovered Prontosil (sulfa drug) for hemolytic streptococci

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin

Selman Waksman

Discovered streptomycin and neomycin

Jonas Salk

Developed the injectable vaccine for polio

Albert Sabin

Developed oral vaccine for polio

Frederick Banting & Charles Best

Discovered insulin

United States Pharmacopoeia

was approved as a book of drug standards

The Shakers

a religious act sect that cultivated herbs and supplie

Daniel Smith

the 1st president of the American Pharmaceutical Association

William Procter Jr.

the Father of American Pharmacy

Stanislas Limousin

introduced the use of herbal medicine dropper, developed the apparatus for administration of oxygen, and invented glass ampules

Emil von Behring and Emile Roux

independently developed the diphtheria antitoxin

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau

developed chemical compounds that fight against specific pathogens

Albularyo or Herbolaryo

Folk healers / witch doctors • Relied on using plants (herbs), rituals or chants, and traditional methods of healing such as "hilot" or massage

Babaylans

Shamanic spiritual leaders of the community

Facultativos

were foreign doctors and pharmacists who came to the Philippines to practice their profession

Farmaceutico de segunda clase

are licenses given to Filipinos who have received training in drugstores under the guidance of foreign pharmacists and passed the government exam.

Don Leon Ma. Guerrero

was the 1st Filipino to study Pharmacy and is considered the Father of Philippine Pharmacy. He was a dispensing pharmacist, botanist, educator and leader.

Escuela de Practicantes de Medicina y Farmacia

to help address shortage of pharmacists

Peninsulares

referred to pharmacists from Spain who applied to practice pharmacy in the Philippines

Fr. Blas de la Madre de Dios

was the first to make a written record of his finidngs on plants

Fr. Fernando Sta. Maria, O.P.

wrote Medicinas Caseras

Botica Boie

was the 1st drugstore in the Philippines, founded in 830 by a physician-phamacist, Dr. Lorenzo Negrao

Rx

Found in prescription pads and principal display panel of ethical/prescription drugs

The bowl of Hygeia with the serpent of Epidaurus