EDUC 3f02 Exam Review (2023) Term 1

Ever think about re-learning information that you learned last year and the year before? No, me either! but here we are.

What are Stenberg’s triarchtic theory of intelligence’s three aspects?

1. Analytical - analyze, compare, and contrast information

2. Creative - to invent discover or design

3. Practical- to apply in everyday life what you already know

What is automatized skills and how does it relate to being an expert teacher?

- allows people to learn to perform important tasks without devoting much thought to them
- Experts have an organized body of knowledge that responds more sensitively and appropriately to classroom situations

What is Learning?

Any permanent change in though or behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

What is norm-referenced grading?

Based on comparison of students’ performance with classmates

“grading scale”

What did Bronfenbrenner (1985) say about motivation?

Showed girls and boys may need different types of assistance to develop motivation.

What did Bronfenbrenner (1985) find about motivation for girls and boys

Boys cited people who challenged and pushed them as essential to their development.

Girls cited nurturing and supportive people who encouraged them without being overly assertive as important to their motivation.

What is inductive reasoning

General conclusion from specific facts or observations

What is scaffolding?

Competent assistance or support provided through mediation of the environment (parent or teacher) Cognitive, socioemotional and behavioural forms of development can occur

What does Erikson say about expert teachers? What should they do and focus on?

Preschool teachers should provide young children with the opportunities to perform tasks independently.

Teachers should foster children’s ability to assert themselves by allowing them to make as many of their own decisions as possible about schoolwork

Teachers should foster feelings of competence in students by noticing and praising children’s successes

Teachers of adolescents reassure themselves and their children by pointing out examples of the normalcy of identity searches

What is the difference between conservation of mass, number and liquid

Physical appearance changes underlying quantity (how much) remains the same

What is symbolic representations?

are declarative memories that reply on arbitrary symbols that bear no obvious relation to whatever is being represented

What is the prevalence of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders?

6-10% of students are affected

more boys than girls for BD

Girls are more likely to have anxiety then boys

What are Robert J. Sternberg' 3 sub-theories to the Triarchic theory of intelligence?

1. Componential sub theory

2. Experiential sub theory

3. Contextual sub theory

What is Sternberg’s - Componential sub theory?

Basic information underlying intelligent performance.

Metacomponents - used to decide what to do

Performance Components - used to get things done

Knowledge Acquisition Components- used to learn how to get things done

What is Sternberg’s - Experiential Subtheory

Intelligence is related to experience

Automatization

EX: reading

What is Sternberg’s - Contextual Sub theory?

Relates intelligence to everyday contexts in which we live

What are analogical representations?

declarative memories that preserve many of the aspects of the original stimulus, whether object or event

What is accommodation?

Child changes existing schemas based on new information or experience; creating new schema

If a Child sees a raccoon, and realize it is like a dog, alive and walking on four legs, but unlike a dog is wild and a creature of the night..,, examples of?

Accommodation - the child may create a new schema representing the accommodation of such information

What is Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958)

Explaining or pointing out the cause of a behaviour

in their effort to make sense of their own behavior or performance, individuals are motivated to discover its underlying causes

What defines a gifted child?

Exceptional abilities or talents

3-5% of students are gifted

Begin to master a concept earlier than peers

learning is more effortless

What is dynamic assessment?

testing in which examiner gives child problem to solve but gives CH a graded series of hints when CH is unable to solve problem

What is Intermittent Reinforcement?

Desired behaviour is reinforced some of the time

What are the characteristics that a teacher that is NOT an expert would have?

Amount of knowledge they have, not motivating students, not creative, and lack organization of knowledge in memory

How do you achieve flow?

occurs when students develop sense of mastery and are absorbed in a state of concentration while they engage in an activity

What are the psycho stimulations for ADHD and what do the drugs do?

Decreased motor activity and increased attention

argue the right dosage results in remarkable improvements in behaviour

Unknown LT effects

What is Renzulli’s 3-ring model of giftedness?

1. above average ability

2. creativity

3. task commitment

three overlap in Venn diagram to create giftedness

What is internalization?

absorption of knowledge from social context so child can use it for onself

Learn how to get a playground game started by watching upper year student play

What is the neurotransmitters associated with ADHD

Dopamine

What is Object permanence?

the realization that an object continues to exist even when it is not immediately visible

What is the Individualized Education Program

goals and objectives set to improve the student’s level of achievement and outlines how these will be achieved

Written by a team (teachers, psychologists, parents)

Name two primary characteristics according to the DSM of anxiety

anxiousness and avoidance behaviours

What are the cardinal symptoms of ADHD ?

Inattention

Impulsivity

Hyperactivity

What is maturation?

any relatively permanent change that occurs as a result of biological aging

What was Bandura’s study of the Bobo doll in 1965?

Studied children who watched films of adults interacting with an inflatable toy.

Adults were highly aggressive towards doll

What are the ADHD causal factors?

1. various food substances/ toxins

2. genetic factors

3. difficult temperament

4. psychological causes

(all the above... not single cause)

What is applied behavioural analysis (ABA)

Increases desirable behaviours

Descreseasing undesirable behaviours

Evaluating Operant conditioning

What is the name of Piagets theory?

Cognitive development

What is Gilligan’s theory of moral development?

1. women are different than men in their basic orientation to life

2. existing psychological theories devalue the feminine orientation

Used study of women in real-world moral dilemma (abortion) instead of Kohlbergs hypothetical dilemmas

What’s the difference between Gilligan’s theory VS. Kohlberg’s theory?

Gilligan used study of women in real-world moral dilemma (abortion) instead of Kohlbergs hypothetical dilemmas

What is mental age (MA)

an individuals level of mental development relative to others

What are the implications for Teaching Concepts?

PROVIDE LOTS OF EXAMPLES:
Examples help to clarify the parameters of a concept. Rules in presenting examples of concepts:

Rule 1: Present the examples in order from easiest to most difficult - Highly typical exemplars are likely to be the easiest for students to understand

Rule 2: Select examples that are different from one another.

Rule 3: Compare and contrast examples and non-exemplars

What are Criterion Reference Tests?

Used to identify an individual’s stats with respect to an established standard of performance

measures level of mastery

individuals performances are compared to some established criterion rather than to other individuals

What does Vygotsky place emphasis on?

Social and cultural aspects of development

children’s intrapersonal or internal processes have their roots in interactions with others

What are the Siegler 3 main characteristics of information processing approach

1. thinking

2. self-modification

3. change mechanisms

What is the Siegler thinking haracteristics of information processing approach

Thinking: to perceive encode represent and store information from the world

What is the Siegler Self-Modification haracteristics of information processing approach

Self-Modofocation: represented by metacognition

What is the Siegler Change Mechanisms haracteristics of information processing approach

Change Mechanisms:

Encoding —- information gets into memory

Automatization —- process information with little strategy effort

Construction —- discovery of new processing procedures such as transfer and generalization

What is the information processing approach and three main points?

Children manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it.

1. thinking

2. self-modification

3. change mechanisms

What are contingencies of reinforcement?

the second event is dependent on the earlier event because the earlier event in someway predicts the later one

What is a conditioned emotional response?

Emotional responses that have developed from classical conditioning

Seeing spider and being scared because you were bit by one once

What are the 3 types of general Syllogisms?

1. Linear

2. categorical

3. conditional

Syllogisms- Linar

relate terms to one another over a successive (linear) sequence

EX: A>B B>C then A > C

Syllogisms- Categorical

typically involve relations where members of one category belong to another category as well

EX: all robins are birds and all birds are animals

Syllogisms- Conditional

Involve determining the validity of a deduction based on conditions given the premises of the syllogisms

EX: if an animal is a robin, then its a bird. This animal is a robin. Is it a bird?

What is operant conditioning?

Form of learning in which the consequences of behaviour produce changes in the probability that the behaviour will occur.

Learning produced by reward and punishment of behaviours

What is a standardized test?

test given to many individuals often across the nation to develop appropriate content and scoring comparisons and it is administered and scores according to uniform procedures

What is Thorndike’s law of effect

Actions that are rewarded will tend to be strengthened and will be more likely to occur in the future

Actions that are punished will be weakened and thus less likely to occur in future.

What is a defining feature?

Concepts based on defining features that is features necessary and sufficient for defining a concept

What are the substages of Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years)?

1. modification of reflexes ( birth to 1m)

2. primary circular reactions (1-4m) repetitive cycle of events

3. secondary circular reactions (4-8m) interested in outcomes beyond their own bodies

4. coordination of secondary reactions (8-12m) moving obstacles to reach toys

5. tertiary circular reactions (12-18m) experiment and interaction with objects and explore

6. Beginnings of representational thought (18-24m) symbolic processing is revealed in language, gestures and pretend play

What does achievement motivation tend to be?

Domain-specific: student highly motivated in athletics but not in academics

Cross-cultural differences: Asian parents place greater emphasis on achievement. American children are motivated to become independent. Chinese are motivated to please family.

What are the characteristics of depression?

feeling of worthlessness and hopelessness

sad or irritable mood

loss of interest in activities once enjoyed

Absence from school

What are retrieval strategies

• Primacy effect: items at beginning remembered best

• Serial Position: recall better at beginning and end of list

• Specificity: form cues

• Recall: fill in the blank

• Recognition: identify learned information as in multiple choice

Retrieval strategies - Primacy effect

items at beginning remembered best

Retrieval strategies- Serial Position

recall better at beginning and end of list

Retrieval strategies- Specificity

associations form cues

Retrieval strategies- Recall

Previously learned information as in fill in the blank

Retrieval strategies- Recognition

identify learned information as in multiple-choice

What are Robert Selman’s stages of developmental theory of perspective-taking?

Stage 1. Undifferentiated perspective taking social informational perspective (3-6y). Children confuse their own thoughts and feelings with those of others.

Stage 2. Social informational perspective taking (5-9y). Children recognize different perspectives because others have different information.

Stage 3. Self-reflective perspective taking (7-12y). Children become able to see themselves as others see them.

Stage 4. Third-party perspective (10-15y). Children understand one can see action as another action.

Stage 5. Societal Perspective Taking (14ys-adult). Children understand that third-party perspective is influenced by larger systems of social values. (society view as inappropriate behaviours)

What are the characteristics of separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

Behaviour must be present continuously for 2 weeks for a formal diagnosis.

• prevalence rate of 2-4%

• Younger children

What are the characteristics of a learning disability?

Normal or above intelligence

difficulty in one or more academic subjects

reading most common

no other diagnosed problems/disorders

What is Syllogism?

Deductive argument that permits a conclusion from a series of two statements of premises

(connecting two statements or premises, like solving a riddle with clues).

What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?

We learn from observing the behaviour of others and the environmental outcomes of their behaviour

(Observational learning/ Vicarious Learning because it’s indirect)

What are the treatments for Autism?

Psychotherapy, behaviour modification, psychopharmacological treatments (SSRIs)

What is Self-Concept?

Students ideas about their own attributes and abilities

What is disequilibrium?

Imbalance between assimilation and accommodation

What did Piaget argue about disequilibrium?

Piaget: argues necessary for cognitive growth and development
eg. an adult may use the word cat to refer to an animal that the child thinks is a dog

What is High-stake achievement?

using tests in a way that will have important consequences for the students, affecting major educational decisions

What are individual intelligence test?

Intelligence tests developed by Alfred Binet (1900s)

Used to identify children that may require special education

predict how students perform in school

What is performance-based assessment?

evaluated when specific criteria (behaviours) are performed by the student

What are the two kinds of attributions people make

Dispositional Attribution and Situational Attribution

What is Dispositional Attribution

Explanations of behaviour based on internal characteristics in a person

EX: my anxiety about test taking makes me fail

What is Situational Attributions?

Caused by external factors such as settings, events or other people

EX: my friend kicking my chair during the test made me fail

What is norm referenced tests?

Compare each test takers scores with the performance of all the test takers on the SAME measure

What is Egocentrism?

Children’s difficulty in seeing the world from another outlook (taking others perspectives)

Decreased 6-7 years

What did Kohlberg use in assessing moral judgement?

Used moral dilemmas.

Moral development primarily involves moral reasoning and unfolds in stages

Interviewed children, adolescents and adults (primarily males) in response to a moral dilemma. Whether stealing was justified

What are the Wechsler intelligence scales

Age-related versions provide an overall IQ and also yield both verbal and performance IQs

WPPSI-P - Preschool (4 to 6.5 years)

WISC-R - Children (6-16 years)

WAIS-R — Adults

Name the four different reliabilities

• test-retest (same score given to a student two times)

• Alternate forms (two different forms of same test on two different occasions)

• split half (divide test items into two haves; scores consistent)

• interrater reliability (same response rate the same way)

What is the calculation of mental age?

IQ = Mental age/Chronological age X 100

IQ > 100

8 year old IQ of 133

What is self-efficacy

Persons belief of their ability to get things done

What are Sternbergs triarchtic theory of intelligence three aspects

1. Analytical

2. Creative

3. Pratical

According to Nadeua (1995) what are the executive functions and where are they found in the brain?

Frontal Lobes

attention, memory, organization, planning, initiation of activity, self-inhibition, and self-monitoring; thinking and reasoning, memory, self control, judgement,

What is Concept Formation?

mental abstractions or categories of similar objects, people, events, or ideas.

Grouping

What is static assessment?

Testing where the examiner gives the CH problems to solve but provide little to NO feedback about the childs performance

What is Piagets view on moral development?

Young children are egocentric and have difficulty taking perspective taking until 7.

Up until 7 children believe that rules are inflexible

How are concepts understood?

• Necessary vs Sufficient

  Child might learn that a widow is woman who has previously been married (necessary but no sufficient features. the woman might be divorced) and whose husband died (a necessary and sufficient feature)

• Defining a concept in terms of necessary and sufficient features works well for some but not all concepts

What did Howe (1999) say about motivation?

intrinsic motivation is important in developing exceptional talents
- Sample: Autistic Savants—Student identified as having functional Developmental Disabilities but showed exceptional levels of performance on certain tasks

What is aptitude tests?

Predicts students ability to learn a skill or accomplish a task

What is assimilation?

child attempts to fit new information into existing schemas

What is filed independence?

Student is able to separate self, or objects viewed, from the surrounding context

EX: Student can detect a particular shape embedded in the context of other surrounding shapes, such as a hidden triangle in a set of intersecting lines