Studied by 32 people
Ever think about re-learning information that you learned last year and the year before? No, me either! but here we are.
What are Stenberg’s triarchtic theory of intelligence’s three aspects?
Analytical - analyze, compare, and contrast information
Creative - to invent discover or design
Practical- to apply in everyday life what you already know
What is automatized skills and how does it relate to being an expert teacher?
- allows people to learn to perform important tasks without devoting much thought to them
- Experts have an organized body of knowledge that responds more sensitively and appropriately to classroom situations
What is Learning?
Any permanent change in though or behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.
What is norm-referenced grading?
Based on comparison of students’ performance with classmates
“grading scale”
What did Bronfenbrenner (1985) say about motivation?
Showed girls and boys may need different types of assistance to develop motivation.
What did Bronfenbrenner (1985) find about motivation for girls and boys
Boys cited people who challenged and pushed them as essential to their development.
Girls cited nurturing and supportive people who encouraged them without being overly assertive as important to their motivation.
What is inductive reasoning
General conclusion from specific facts or observations
What is scaffolding?
Competent assistance or support provided through mediation of the environment (parent or teacher) Cognitive, socioemotional and behavioural forms of development can occur
What does Erikson say about expert teachers? What should they do and focus on?
Preschool teachers should provide young children with the opportunities to perform tasks independently.
Teachers should foster children’s ability to assert themselves by allowing them to make as many of their own decisions as possible about schoolwork
Teachers should foster feelings of competence in students by noticing and praising children’s successes
Teachers of adolescents reassure themselves and their children by pointing out examples of the normalcy of identity searches
What is the difference between conservation of mass, number and liquid
Physical appearance changes underlying quantity (how much) remains the same
What is symbolic representations?
are declarative memories that reply on arbitrary symbols that bear no obvious relation to whatever is being represented
What is the prevalence of Emotional and Behavioural Disorders?
6-10% of students are affected
more boys than girls for BD
Girls are more likely to have anxiety then boys
What are Robert J. Sternberg' 3 sub-theories to the Triarchic theory of intelligence?
Componential sub theory
Experiential sub theory
Contextual sub theory
What is Sternberg’s - Componential sub theory?
Basic information underlying intelligent performance.
Metacomponents - used to decide what to do
Performance Components - used to get things done
Knowledge Acquisition Components- used to learn how to get things done
What is Sternberg’s - Experiential Subtheory
Intelligence is related to experience
Automatization
EX: reading
What is Sternberg’s - Contextual Sub theory?
Relates intelligence to everyday contexts in which we live
What are analogical representations?
declarative memories that preserve many of the aspects of the original stimulus, whether object or event
What is accommodation?
Child changes existing schemas based on new information or experience; creating new schema
If a Child sees a raccoon, and realize it is like a dog, alive and walking on four legs, but unlike a dog is wild and a creature of the night..,, examples of?
Accommodation - the child may create a new schema representing the accommodation of such information
What is Attribution Theory (Heider, 1958)
Explaining or pointing out the cause of a behaviour
in their effort to make sense of their own behavior or performance, individuals are motivated to discover its underlying causes
What defines a gifted child?
Exceptional abilities or talents
3-5% of students are gifted
Begin to master a concept earlier than peers
learning is more effortless
What is dynamic assessment?
testing in which examiner gives child problem to solve but gives CH a graded series of hints when CH is unable to solve problem
What is Intermittent Reinforcement?
Desired behaviour is reinforced some of the time
What are the characteristics that a teacher that is NOT an expert would have?
Amount of knowledge they have, not motivating students, not creative, and lack organization of knowledge in memory
How do you achieve flow?
occurs when students develop sense of mastery and are absorbed in a state of concentration while they engage in an activity
What are the psycho stimulations for ADHD and what do the drugs do?
Decreased motor activity and increased attention
argue the right dosage results in remarkable improvements in behaviour
Unknown LT effects
What is Renzulli’s 3-ring model of giftedness?
above average ability
creativity
task commitment
three overlap in Venn diagram to create giftedness
What is internalization?
absorption of knowledge from social context so child can use it for onself
Learn how to get a playground game started by watching upper year student play
What is the neurotransmitters associated with ADHD
Dopamine
What is Object permanence?
the realization that an object continues to exist even when it is not immediately visible
What is the Individualized Education Program
goals and objectives set to improve the student’s level of achievement and outlines how these will be achieved
Written by a team (teachers, psychologists, parents)
Name two primary characteristics according to the DSM of anxiety
anxiousness and avoidance behaviours
What are the cardinal symptoms of ADHD ?
Inattention
Impulsivity
Hyperactivity
What is maturation?
any relatively permanent change that occurs as a result of biological aging
What was Bandura’s study of the Bobo doll in 1965?
Studied children who watched films of adults interacting with an inflatable toy.
Adults were highly aggressive towards doll
What are the ADHD causal factors?
various food substances/ toxins
genetic factors
difficult temperament
psychological causes
(all the above... not single cause)
What is applied behavioural analysis (ABA)
Increases desirable behaviours
Descreseasing undesirable behaviours
Evaluating Operant conditioning
What is the name of Piagets theory?
Cognitive development
What is Gilligan’s theory of moral development?
women are different than men in their basic orientation to life
existing psychological theories devalue the feminine orientation
Used study of women in real-world moral dilemma (abortion) instead of Kohlbergs hypothetical dilemmas
What’s the difference between Gilligan’s theory VS. Kohlberg’s theory?
Gilligan used study of women in real-world moral dilemma (abortion) instead of Kohlbergs hypothetical dilemmas
What is mental age (MA)
an individuals level of mental development relative to others
What are the implications for Teaching Concepts?
PROVIDE LOTS OF EXAMPLES:
Examples help to clarify the parameters of a concept. Rules in presenting examples of concepts:
Rule 1: Present the examples in order from easiest to most difficult - Highly typical exemplars are likely to be the easiest for students to understand
Rule 2: Select examples that are different from one another.
Rule 3: Compare and contrast examples and non-exemplars
What are Criterion Reference Tests?
Used to identify an individual’s stats with respect to an established standard of performance
measures level of mastery
individuals performances are compared to some established criterion rather than to other individuals
What does Vygotsky place emphasis on?
Social and cultural aspects of development
children’s intrapersonal or internal processes have their roots in interactions with others
What are the Siegler 3 main characteristics of information processing approach
thinking
self-modification
change mechanisms
What is the Siegler thinking haracteristics of information processing approach
Thinking: to perceive encode represent and store information from the world
What is the Siegler Self-Modification haracteristics of information processing approach
Self-Modofocation: represented by metacognition
What is the Siegler Change Mechanisms haracteristics of information processing approach
Change Mechanisms:
Encoding —- information gets into memory
Automatization —- process information with little strategy effort
Construction —- discovery of new processing procedures such as transfer and generalization
What is the information processing approach and three main points?
Children manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it.
thinking
self-modification
change mechanisms
What are contingencies of reinforcement?
the second event is dependent on the earlier event because the earlier event in someway predicts the later one
What is a conditioned emotional response?
Emotional responses that have developed from classical conditioning
Seeing spider and being scared because you were bit by one once
What are the 3 types of general Syllogisms?
Linear
categorical
conditional
Syllogisms- Linar
relate terms to one another over a successive (linear) sequence
EX: A>B B>C then A > C
Syllogisms- Categorical
typically involve relations where members of one category belong to another category as well
EX: all robins are birds and all birds are animals
Syllogisms- Conditional
Involve determining the validity of a deduction based on conditions given the premises of the syllogisms
EX: if an animal is a robin, then its a bird. This animal is a robin. Is it a bird?
What is operant conditioning?
Form of learning in which the consequences of behaviour produce changes in the probability that the behaviour will occur.
Learning produced by reward and punishment of behaviours
What is a standardized test?
test given to many individuals often across the nation to develop appropriate content and scoring comparisons and it is administered and scores according to uniform procedures
What is Thorndike’s law of effect
Actions that are rewarded will tend to be strengthened and will be more likely to occur in the future
Actions that are punished will be weakened and thus less likely to occur in future.
What is a defining feature?
Concepts based on defining features that is features necessary and sufficient for defining a concept
What are the substages of Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years)?
modification of reflexes ( birth to 1m)
primary circular reactions (1-4m) repetitive cycle of events
secondary circular reactions (4-8m) interested in outcomes beyond their own bodies
coordination of secondary reactions (8-12m) moving obstacles to reach toys
tertiary circular reactions (12-18m) experiment and interaction with objects and explore
Beginnings of representational thought (18-24m) symbolic processing is revealed in language, gestures and pretend play
What does achievement motivation tend to be?
Domain-specific: student highly motivated in athletics but not in academics
Cross-cultural differences: Asian parents place greater emphasis on achievement. American children are motivated to become independent. Chinese are motivated to please family.
What are the characteristics of depression?
feeling of worthlessness and hopelessness
sad or irritable mood
loss of interest in activities once enjoyed
Absence from school
What are retrieval strategies
Primacy effect: items at beginning remembered best
Serial Position: recall better at beginning and end of list
Specificity: form cues
Recall: fill in the blank
Recognition: identify learned information as in multiple choice
Retrieval strategies - Primacy effect
items at beginning remembered best
Retrieval strategies- Serial Position
recall better at beginning and end of list
Retrieval strategies- Specificity
associations form cues
Retrieval strategies- Recall
Previously learned information as in fill in the blank
Retrieval strategies- Recognition
identify learned information as in multiple-choice
What are Robert Selman’s stages of developmental theory of perspective-taking?
Stage 1. Undifferentiated perspective taking social informational perspective (3-6y). Children confuse their own thoughts and feelings with those of others.
Stage 2. Social informational perspective taking (5-9y). Children recognize different perspectives because others have different information.
Stage 3. Self-reflective perspective taking (7-12y). Children become able to see themselves as others see them.
Stage 4. Third-party perspective (10-15y). Children understand one can see action as another action.
Stage 5. Societal Perspective Taking (14ys-adult). Children understand that third-party perspective is influenced by larger systems of social values. (society view as inappropriate behaviours)
What are the characteristics of separation anxiety disorder (SAD)
Behaviour must be present continuously for 2 weeks for a formal diagnosis.
prevalence rate of 2-4%
Younger children
What are the characteristics of a learning disability?
Normal or above intelligence
difficulty in one or more academic subjects
reading most common
no other diagnosed problems/disorders
What is Syllogism?
Deductive argument that permits a conclusion from a series of two statements of premises
(connecting two statements or premises, like solving a riddle with clues).
What is Bandura’s Social Learning Theory?
We learn from observing the behaviour of others and the environmental outcomes of their behaviour
(Observational learning/ Vicarious Learning because it’s indirect)
What are the treatments for Autism?
Psychotherapy, behaviour modification, psychopharmacological treatments (SSRIs)
What is Self-Concept?
Students ideas about their own attributes and abilities
What is disequilibrium?
Imbalance between assimilation and accommodation
What did Piaget argue about disequilibrium?
Piaget: argues necessary for cognitive growth and development
eg. an adult may use the word cat to refer to an animal that the child thinks is a dog
What is High-stake achievement?
using tests in a way that will have important consequences for the students, affecting major educational decisions
What are individual intelligence test?
Intelligence tests developed by Alfred Binet (1900s)
Used to identify children that may require special education
predict how students perform in school
What is performance-based assessment?
evaluated when specific criteria (behaviours) are performed by the student
What are the two kinds of attributions people make
Dispositional Attribution and Situational Attribution
What is Dispositional Attribution
Explanations of behaviour based on internal characteristics in a person
EX: my anxiety about test taking makes me fail
What is Situational Attributions?
Caused by external factors such as settings, events or other people
EX: my friend kicking my chair during the test made me fail
What is norm referenced tests?
Compare each test takers scores with the performance of all the test takers on the SAME measure
What is Egocentrism?
Children’s difficulty in seeing the world from another outlook (taking others perspectives)
Decreased 6-7 years
What did Kohlberg use in assessing moral judgement?
Used moral dilemmas.
Moral development primarily involves moral reasoning and unfolds in stages
Interviewed children, adolescents and adults (primarily males) in response to a moral dilemma. Whether stealing was justified
What are the Wechsler intelligence scales
Age-related versions provide an overall IQ and also yield both verbal and performance IQs
WPPSI-P - Preschool (4 to 6.5 years)
WISC-R - Children (6-16 years)
WAIS-R — Adults
Name the four different reliabilities
test-retest (same score given to a student two times)
Alternate forms (two different forms of same test on two different occasions)
split half (divide test items into two haves; scores consistent)
interrater reliability (same response rate the same way)
What is the calculation of mental age?
IQ = Mental age/Chronological age X 100
IQ > 100
8 year old IQ of 133
What is self-efficacy
Persons belief of their ability to get things done
What are Sternbergs triarchtic theory of intelligence three aspects
Analytical
Creative
Pratical
According to Nadeua (1995) what are the executive functions and where are they found in the brain?
Frontal Lobes
attention, memory, organization, planning, initiation of activity, self-inhibition, and self-monitoring; thinking and reasoning, memory, self control, judgement,
What is Concept Formation?
mental abstractions or categories of similar objects, people, events, or ideas.
Grouping
What is static assessment?
Testing where the examiner gives the CH problems to solve but provide little to NO feedback about the childs performance
What is Piagets view on moral development?
Young children are egocentric and have difficulty taking perspective taking until 7.
Up until 7 children believe that rules are inflexible
How are concepts understood?
Necessary vs Sufficient
Child might learn that a widow is woman who has previously been married (necessary but no sufficient features. the woman might be divorced) and whose husband died (a necessary and sufficient feature)
Defining a concept in terms of necessary and sufficient features works well for some but not all concepts
What did Howe (1999) say about motivation?
intrinsic motivation is important in developing exceptional talents
- Sample: Autistic Savants—Student identified as having functional Developmental Disabilities but showed exceptional levels of performance on certain tasks
What is aptitude tests?
Predicts students ability to learn a skill or accomplish a task
What is assimilation?
child attempts to fit new information into existing schemas
What is filed independence?
Student is able to separate self, or objects viewed, from the surrounding context
EX: Student can detect a particular shape embedded in the context of other surrounding shapes, such as a hidden triangle in a set of intersecting lines
Note 
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