Unit 4-apwh

The Reformation (Protestant)

A religious reform that created with Martin Luther, that challenged the Catholic Church’s teachings. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, separated from Roman Catholic Church due to doctrine differences.

**Twelver Shiism**

A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.

**Mercantilism**

Policies set by countries designed to sell as many goods as they could to other countries - in order to maximize the flow of gold/silver imports - and to buy as little from other countries to minimize the flow of precious metals out of the country. \n \n -Required heavy government involvement

**Kangxi**

Second emperor of Qing dynasty oversaw several cultural leaps, including the creation of a dictionary considered the best standardization of the Han language and the funding of surveys to create the most extensive maps of China up to that time.

**Yongle**

An emperor during the Ming dynasty who was a key figure in the restoration of China to greatness and who commissioned an enormous fleet to spread awareness of Chinese superiority to much of Asia and Eastern Africa.

**Tokugawa Ieyasu**

Known for the reunification of Japan in the early 17th century. He created a new government controlled by his family that ruled Japan until 1868, and established political unity.

**Louis XIV**

The longest-reigning monarch in French history and was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715) Versailles. The palace was constructed by him outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility. During Holy Roman Empire.

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**Philip II**

Son of Charles V later becomes Spanish and Portuguese King. A protector of the Roman Catholic Church and counter-reformation supporter, sent the Spanish Armada to invade England. He sought to limit the spread of Protestantism, and he ultimately completed the work of unification begun by Ferdinand and Isabella (the “Catholic Monarchs”) in the Iberian Peninsula and prospered.

**Catherine the Great**

reigned over Russia for 34 years, established educational reform, championed the arts, and extended Russia's borders in the largest territorial gain since Ivan the Terrible and championed the arts and reorganized the Russian law code.

**Elizabeth I**

Established Protestantism in England; defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588; maintained peace inside her previously divided country; and created an environment where the arts flourished. The “Virgin Queen”

**VOC**

Joint-stock company; chartered to control Dutch trading and to achieve a monopoly between the cape of good hope and the Magellan strait. Manila Galleons. Heavily armed, fast ships that brought luxury goods from China to Mexico and carried silver from Mexico to China. Vasco da Gama. Introduction to stocks.