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Emotions are a mix of

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Emotions are a mix of

Expressive behavior, bodily arousal, and conscious experience

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James-Lange Theory

Arousal occurs before emotion

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Emotion

Result of attention to arousal

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Cannon Bard Theory

Arousal and emotions happen at the same time

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Schaenter-Singer Theory

"A factor" theory that emotions are arousal and a cognitive label. Emotions don't exist until we add a label to body sensations

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Spillover effect

People "caught" the emotions of others

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Fuels emotion

Arousal

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Channels emotion

Cognition

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Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus

Emotion without cognition/awareness; straight to amygdala, bypasses cortex

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Sympathetic nervous system

Psychological arousal felt during different emotions triggers activity in organs

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Calming

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Emotions in the left frontal lobe

Positive emotions

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Emotions in the right frontal lobe

Negative emotions

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Emotional content is easily read in the

Eyes and face

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Introverted people excel at

Reading emotions; extroverted people are easier to read

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The gender generally better at reading emotional cues

Women; they're also more likely to express empathy

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Universally understood facial expressions

Smiles, frowns

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Cultures differ in

How much emotion is expressed

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Facial feedback effect

The tendency of facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings

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Behavior feedback effect

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions

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Persistent anger

Harmful to our bodies

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Chronic hostility has a link to

Heart disease

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The Catharsis Myth

We can reduce anger by "releasing" it (hostile outbursts)

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Expressing anger breeds what?

More anger

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The best way to cope with anger

Wait, then use a distraction, exercise, a hobby, etc

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Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

The tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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Positive psychology

The study of happiness and life satisfaction

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Adaptation level phenomenon

We adjust to our neutral levels; happiness is relative to past experiences

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Money can buy happiness when

It gets you out of poverty

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Relative deprivation

Happiness is relative to others' wealth, successes, etc

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Stressor

An event or conditions that we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming

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Appraisal

Deciding whether to view something as a stressor

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Stress reaction

Any emotional or physical response to a stressor

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Stress

The process of appraising and responding to a stressor

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Stress arises from

How we appraise events, rather than from the event itself

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General Adaptation Syndrome

Three phases (Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion)

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Coronary heart disease

Stress is closely linked to this; the leading cause of death in the US

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Worsens experience of stress

Chronic stress and personality style

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Type A

Reactive, impatient, competitive, easily angered; more likely to have a heart attack. The most toxic component is anger

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Type B

Easygoing

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Problem focused coping

Changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor

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Emotion focused coping

Reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support and comfort from others

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Losing control

Provokes an outpour of stress hormones; Blood pressure increases, immune responses drop

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Optimistic people

Expect to have more control, cope better with stressful events, have stronger immune systems

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Internal locus of control

We control our own fate

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External locus of control

Chance or outside forces determine fate (Causes less motivation, more anxiety)

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Self control

The ability to control impulses and delay gratification

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Close relationships

Predict happiness and health

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Aerobic exercise

Reduces the risk of heart disease, cancer, dementia, early death

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Exercise is a strong predictor of

Life satisfaction; It's as effective as antidepressants with longer lasting effects

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Lifestyle modification

Modifying lifestyle led to reduced heart attack rates

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Faith communities

Led people to live longer (Relaxed meditation of prayer)

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Attribution

A conclusion about the caused of an observed behavior

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Attribution Theory

We explain others' behavior with two types of attributions (situational and dispositional)

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Fundamental attribution error

When we go too far in assuming that a person's behavior is caused by their personality

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Attitude

Feelings, ideas, and beliefs that affect how we react to other people, objects, and events

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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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The Effects of Playing a Role

When we play a role, even if we know it is just pretending, we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go with the role, and become the role

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Cognitive Dissonance

When our actions and attitudes clash

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Cognitive Dissonance Theory

We change our attitudes to fix our actions

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Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to go along with a group standard

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Social Contagion

Behavior is contagious (Yawning, laughing, etc)

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Asch Conformity Studies

About one third of people will agree with obvious mistruths to go along with the group

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Normative Social Influence

Going along with others in pursuit of social approval and to avoid rejection

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Informational Social Influence

Going along with others because groups provide information

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Milgram's Obedience Study

Participants "teachers" shocked actors "learners" when they said a wrong answer under command from an authority figure, using the foot-in-the-door technique. Over 60% complied fully.

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Factors increasing obedience

Authority figures, association with prestigious institution, figures standing close by, victim depersonalization

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The Power of Obedience

People may be more obedient after time in war, however, it can also strengthen heroism (risking or sacrificing oneself)

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Social Facilitation

Strengthens performance in presence of others, or strengthens the most likely response

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Social loafing

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when not individually accountable

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Deindividuation

Loss of self awareness and self restraint. Group participation makes people aroused and anonymous

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Group polarization

Beliefs you bring to a group grow stronger as you discuss with like minded others

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Echo chamber of the internet

Fuels extreme views

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Prejudice

An unjustified attitude towards a group

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Targets of prejudice

Racial, ethnic, gender, LGBTQ

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Just-world phenomenon

"Those who succeed must be good and those who suffer must be bad"

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Ingroup bias

Natural drive to distinguish enemies from friends

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Scapegoat theory

Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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Other-race effect

Greater recognition for own-race faces

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Aggression

Behavior with the intent of harming another person

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Social scripts

Guide for how to act in situations seen in video, music, TV, and other media

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Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?

Proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity

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Key to a long lasting relationship

Positive interactions outnumber negative by 5 to 1

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Altruism

Unselfish regard for welfare of other people; helping without need for personal gain

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