Expressive behavior, bodily arousal, and conscious experience
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James-Lange Theory
Arousal occurs before emotion
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Emotion
Result of attention to arousal
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Cannon Bard Theory
Arousal and emotions happen at the same time
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Schaenter-Singer Theory
"A factor" theory that emotions are arousal and a cognitive label. Emotions don't exist until we add a label to body sensations
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Spillover effect
People "caught" the emotions of others
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Fuels emotion
Arousal
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Channels emotion
Cognition
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Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus
Emotion without cognition/awareness; straight to amygdala, bypasses cortex
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Sympathetic nervous system
Psychological arousal felt during different emotions triggers activity in organs
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Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming
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Emotions in the left frontal lobe
Positive emotions
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Emotions in the right frontal lobe
Negative emotions
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Emotional content is easily read in the
Eyes and face
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Introverted people excel at
Reading emotions; extroverted people are easier to read
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The gender generally better at reading emotional cues
Women; they're also more likely to express empathy
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Universally understood facial expressions
Smiles, frowns
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Cultures differ in
How much emotion is expressed
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Facial feedback effect
The tendency of facial muscle states trigger corresponding feelings
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Behavior feedback effect
The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Persistent anger
Harmful to our bodies
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Chronic hostility has a link to
Heart disease
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The Catharsis Myth
We can reduce anger by "releasing" it (hostile outbursts)
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Expressing anger breeds what?
More anger
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The best way to cope with anger
Wait, then use a distraction, exercise, a hobby, etc
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Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
The tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
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Positive psychology
The study of happiness and life satisfaction
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Adaptation level phenomenon
We adjust to our neutral levels; happiness is relative to past experiences
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Money can buy happiness when
It gets you out of poverty
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Relative deprivation
Happiness is relative to others' wealth, successes, etc
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Stressor
An event or conditions that we view as threatening, challenging, or overwhelming
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Appraisal
Deciding whether to view something as a stressor
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Stress reaction
Any emotional or physical response to a stressor
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Stress
The process of appraising and responding to a stressor
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Stress arises from
How we appraise events, rather than from the event itself
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General Adaptation Syndrome
Three phases (Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion)
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Coronary heart disease
Stress is closely linked to this; the leading cause of death in the US
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Worsens experience of stress
Chronic stress and personality style
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Type A
Reactive, impatient, competitive, easily angered; more likely to have a heart attack. The most toxic component is anger
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Type B
Easygoing
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Problem focused coping
Changing the stressor or the way we interact with the stressor
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Emotion focused coping
Reducing the emotional impact of stress by getting support and comfort from others
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Losing control
Provokes an outpour of stress hormones; Blood pressure increases, immune responses drop
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Optimistic people
Expect to have more control, cope better with stressful events, have stronger immune systems
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Internal locus of control
We control our own fate
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External locus of control
Chance or outside forces determine fate (Causes less motivation, more anxiety)
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Self control
The ability to control impulses and delay gratification
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Close relationships
Predict happiness and health
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Aerobic exercise
Reduces the risk of heart disease, cancer, dementia, early death
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Exercise is a strong predictor of
Life satisfaction; It's as effective as antidepressants with longer lasting effects
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Lifestyle modification
Modifying lifestyle led to reduced heart attack rates
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Faith communities
Led people to live longer (Relaxed meditation of prayer)
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Attribution
A conclusion about the caused of an observed behavior
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Attribution Theory
We explain others' behavior with two types of attributions (situational and dispositional)
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Fundamental attribution error
When we go too far in assuming that a person's behavior is caused by their personality
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Attitude
Feelings, ideas, and beliefs that affect how we react to other people, objects, and events
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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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The Effects of Playing a Role
When we play a role, even if we know it is just pretending, we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go with the role, and become the role
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Cognitive Dissonance
When our actions and attitudes clash
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
We change our attitudes to fix our actions
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Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to go along with a group standard
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Social Contagion
Behavior is contagious (Yawning, laughing, etc)
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Asch Conformity Studies
About one third of people will agree with obvious mistruths to go along with the group
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Normative Social Influence
Going along with others in pursuit of social approval and to avoid rejection
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Informational Social Influence
Going along with others because groups provide information
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Milgram's Obedience Study
Participants "teachers" shocked actors "learners" when they said a wrong answer under command from an authority figure, using the foot-in-the-door technique. Over 60% complied fully.
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Factors increasing obedience
Authority figures, association with prestigious institution, figures standing close by, victim depersonalization
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The Power of Obedience
People may be more obedient after time in war, however, it can also strengthen heroism (risking or sacrificing oneself)
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Social Facilitation
Strengthens performance in presence of others, or strengthens the most likely response
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Social loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when not individually accountable
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Deindividuation
Loss of self awareness and self restraint. Group participation makes people aroused and anonymous
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Group polarization
Beliefs you bring to a group grow stronger as you discuss with like minded others
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Echo chamber of the internet
Fuels extreme views
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Prejudice
An unjustified attitude towards a group
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Targets of prejudice
Racial, ethnic, gender, LGBTQ
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Just-world phenomenon
"Those who succeed must be good and those who suffer must be bad"
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Ingroup bias
Natural drive to distinguish enemies from friends
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Scapegoat theory
Prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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Other-race effect
Greater recognition for own-race faces
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Aggression
Behavior with the intent of harming another person
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Social scripts
Guide for how to act in situations seen in video, music, TV, and other media
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Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?
Proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity
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Key to a long lasting relationship
Positive interactions outnumber negative by 5 to 1
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Altruism
Unselfish regard for welfare of other people; helping without need for personal gain
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Bystander effect
Fewer people help when others are available
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Conflict
A perceived incompatibility in goals, ideas, or actions between people or groups
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Peacemaking
The four C's: contact, cooperation, communication, conciliation
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Personality
Our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Freud
"Discovered" the unconscious, named his theory and treatment psychoanalysis
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Freud's Personality Iceberg
Repression of unacceptable passions; Personality arises from a conflict between impulse and restraint. Id (pleasure), ego (reality), and superego (moral compass) with ego being the mediator
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Psychosexual stages
Childhood stages of development where the id is focused on erogenous zones, and people can be fixated on one stage. Five stages.
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Oedipus complex
According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Projective tests
Ambiguous prompts reveal inner workings of mind
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Rorschach inkblot test
A projective test through looking at inkblots. The problem is that results have low validity and low reliability.
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Critiques to Freud
Development is lifelong, underestimation of peer influence, dreams don't reveal unconscious wishes, traumatic memories are NOT repressed, low testability
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Abraham Maslow
People are motivated to keep moving up a hierarchy of needs
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Humanistic Theories of Personality
Abraham Maslow (Self Actualizing Person) and Carl Rogers (Person Centered Perspective)
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Carl Rogers
Genuineness, acceptance, and empathy are the three conditions facilitating growth and fulfillment
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Trait
A characteristic pattern of a behavior or predisposition to feel and act a certain way
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Trait theory of personality
We are made up of a collection of traits that can be identified and measured; traits differ from person to person