ANAPHY - MODULE 5: ANATOMICAL LANGUAGES AND BODY PLAN

Anatomical Plane

Anatomical Plane

hypothetical plane used to transect the body to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements

Anatomical Plane

fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures

Anatomical Plane

allows to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

Three Principal Planes

• Sagittal Plane

• Frontal Plane

• Horizontal Plane

Sagittal Plane

plane that run lengthwise dividing the body into right and left portions

Midsagittal or Median

plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves, dividing the body right down the midline of the body

Frontal Plane

plane dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Coronal Plane

another term for frontal plane

Horizontal Plane

dividing body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions

Transverse Plane

another term for horizontal plane

Standard Anatomical Position

way of describing the anatomy of an organism so that it is easy to understand what part of the body is being talked about no matter what direction the organism is facing or where its appendages/limbs are

Standard Anatomical Position

In humans, the body is standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward with the body at rest

Body Positions and Directions

• Superior - Inferior

• Anterior - Posterior

• Medial - Lateral

• Distal - Proximal

• Superficial - Deep

• Ventral - Dorsal

Superior

structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body

Inferior

structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body

Anterior

structure being more in front than another structure in the body

Posterior

structure being more in back than another structure in the body

Medial

structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body

Lateral

structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

Distal

structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb (reference to the extremities only)

Proximal

structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb (reference to the extremities only)

Superficial

structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure

Deep

structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

Ventral

refers towards the front or belly side of the body

Dorsal

refers to the back side of the body

Body Cavity

any hollow space or compartment in the body

Cavities

accommodate organs and other structures; cavities potential spaces contain fluid

Two Largest Human Body Cavity

• Ventral Body Cavity

• Dorsal Body Cavity

Dorsal Cavity

located toward the back of the body, divided into the cranial cavity (holds the brain) and vertebral or spinal cavity (holds the spinal cord)

Ventral Cavity

located toward the front of the body, divided into abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity by the diaphragm

Thoracic Cavity

the chest; contains trachea, bronchi, lungs, esophagus, heart and great blood vessels, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and nerves

Smaller Cavities found in Thoracic Cavity

• Pleural Cavities

• Pericardial Cavity

Pleural Cavities

surround each lung

Pericardial Cavity

contains the heart; pleural cavities flank the pericardial pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

an imaginary line running across the hipbones and dividing the body into the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal Cavity

contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine

Pelvic Cavity

contains the end of the large intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, and internal rep

Body Movements (8)

• Flexion

• Extension

• Adduction

• Abduction

• Pronation

• Retraction

• Protraction

• Elevation

Flexion

bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones; in the fetal position, we are flexing our joints

Extension

straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones; in the Anatomical Position we are extending our joint

Adduction

moving a body part towards the midline of the body

Abduction

moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Pronation

turning the arm or foot downward; (palm or sole of the foot - down)

Retraction

moving a part backward

Protraction

moving a part forward

Elevation

raising a part

Regional Terms

• Axial Part

• Appendicular Part

Axial Part

includes the head, neck and trunk

Appendicular Part

includes the limbs (arms and legs) which are attached to the body’s axis

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

to promote clear communication, for instance about the location of a patient’s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, health care providers typically divide up the cavity into either nine regions or four quadrants

Upper Part of Abdominopelvic Regions

• right hypochondriac region

• epigastric region

• left hypochondriac region

Middle Part of Abdominopelvic Regions

• right lumbar region

• umbilical region

• left lumbar region

Lower Part of Abdominopelvic Regions

• right iliac region

• hypogastric region

• left iliac region

Upper Part of Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• right upper quadrant (RUQ)

• left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Lower Part of Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• right lower quadrant (RLQ)

• left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Anatomical Position and Planes of Motion

Body Positions and Directions

Body Cavities

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants