Cells

Cell Theory point 1

Cell Theory point 1

All organisms are composed of at least one cell

Cell theory point 2

The cell is the basic unit of structure+organization in organisms

Cell theory point 3

All cells come from preexisting cells

Leeuwenhoek

1st guy to view organisms/bacteria 1673

Robert Hooke

Coined the term “the cell”

Endosymbiotic Theory

Some organelles within cells were at one time free living cells themsevels

Plant cell>animal cell>bacteria

Cells in order of size!

Cells

Smallest unit that can carry out all process of life

Surface to Volume Ratio

The reason why cells are small, and allows them to easily exchange food and waste. As cell size ⬆️, volume ⬆️ faster than Surface Area

Prokaryotic Cells

The 1st ever cell! Had no nucleus, simplest type of all! Ex. E-Coli, Salmonella, Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells!

The supreme type of cell! Has a nucleus, membrane bound organelles, super complex. Ex. plants, animals, fungi, protists

Drawing Magnification

=measured size of drawing/size of specimen

1 Millimeters

1000 micrometers

1 centimeter

10 millimeters

Organism Actual Size

1. measure size on paper in micrometers

2. divide by magnification

Organelles

The “organs” of a cell. Prokaryotes have a few (ribosomes). Eukaryotes have many, usually surrounded by a membrane

Cell Membrane ( aka Plasma membrane )

A lipid bilayer that protects and supports cells, controls what enters/leaves cells,

Cell Wall

Found in plant and protist walls, main function is protection, allows dissolved water to pass through substances

The Nucleus

The brain of the cell, controls most of the activity per cell, 1 per cell. Contains DNA + other molecules for the cell

DNA

The coded instructions for making proteins

Nucleolus

Small, dense region in the middle of the nucleus where ribosomes are formed

Cytoplasm

The cell’s juice! Moves materials throughout the cell

Ribosomes

Makes proteins in the cell, may be free in cytoplasm or attached to ER

Golgi Apparatus (bodies)

Stacks of membranes used for storing, modifying, or packaging

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Series of folded membranes that form sacs or tubes that help moves things throughout the cell

Smooth ER

No ribosomes, makes lipids, detoxifies drugs

Rough ER

Ribosomes make it look rough, the ribosomes make the proteins

Lysosomes

Made by Golgi Apparatus, full of digestive enzymes to digest unwanted particles, the clean up crew

Peroxisomes

Filled with enzymes to digest toxic substances (type of Lysosomes)

Vacuoles

Membrane bound compartments that store food, water, or waste.

Chloroplasts

Found in Eukaryotic plant/some protist cells. Capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis-reason why plants 🌱 are green

Mitochondria

Energy producers-the “powerhouse” of the cell! Converts chemical energy into usable energy

Cytoskeleton

Overlapping network of filaments and fibers that support the cell and help maintain its shape

Centrioles

Help to organize the cell during cell division. They migrate to either side of the cell and help pull it apart-only in animal cells

Flagellum

Extension of the cytoskeleton- allows movement, main source of transportation for cells (the little tail some cells have)

Cilia/Pili

Extension of the cytoskeleton- allows things to move around the cell (only in so me animals cells + prokaryotes)

High to low concentration!

Molecules move from?

isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions are equal

hypertonic

the solution with the higher consecration of solutes

Hypotonic

The solution with the lower concentration of solution

osmosis

diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal

What’s up embedded in the Semi-permeable membrane of the cell

Lipid molecules, cholesterol, carbohydrates, and protiens

Protein channels

Nonstatic doorways on the cell membrane that allow cells to enter/exit

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion that has the aid of a protein channel

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules that requires no ATP

To move stuff in bulk

Purpose of Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

ENdocytosis

Part of the surface membrane surrounding the bulk that’s ENtering-active

EXocytosis

Part of the surface membrane that helps the bulk EXit-active

Phagocytosis

Type of Endocytosis that takes in big particles

Pinocytosis

Type of Endocytosis that takes in liquids

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Type of Endocytosis that takes in the low concentration particle that the cell needs

Sodium/Potassium Pump

A type of protein channel that allows sodium particles (3 at a time) to exit the cell and potassium particles (2 at a time) to enter the cell. Requires ATP to pump therefore active

diffusion

the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of high concentration of that substance to an area of lower concentration

Semi-permeable membrane (SPM)

A membrane that allows some particles to naturally flow through- a Holy Membrane 😇