Cog Neuro Exam 2

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change blindness

time taken to detect change

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inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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attention is like a

spot light. may move from one location to another, may zoom in or out (fine vs coarse). doesn't/can't highlight everything

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focus of attention doesn't necessarily mean

eye fixation

ex: highway hypnosis (eyes on road, but attention/focus not)

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covert

moving attention by not the eyes/head

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overt

moving attention as well as the eyes/head

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Importance of cues

initially quicker response to cued location, but relationship flips after long delay

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inhibition of return

a slowing of reaction time associated with going back to a previously attended location

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endogenous

internally-guided attention, driven by goals/motivation, more top-down

ex: arrow points up in middle of screen, telling to shift attention up

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exogenous

externally-guided attention, driven by sudden change in sensory input, bottom-up

ex: top cube flashes and captures attention

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attentional blink

during a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else

first target soaks up attentional resources, leading to subsequent inattentive period

<p>during a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else</p><p>first target soaks up attentional resources, leading to subsequent inattentive period</p>
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hemineglect

inability to perceive one side of the visual world, typically right-hemisphere damage, left side neglect. sensory cortex responds to the info! therefore must be something wrong with attention

<p>inability to perceive one side of the visual world, typically right-hemisphere damage, left side neglect. sensory cortex responds to the info! therefore must be something wrong with attention</p>
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neglect vs blindsight

neglect: not restricted to vision, can see in neglected area, egocentric

blindsight: visual only, can move eyes to blind region, retinocentric

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what happens to neglected info?

ventral stream (what) process neglected objects

burning house experiment

<p>ventral stream (what) process neglected objects</p><p>burning house experiment</p>
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neglect is also about spatial reference frames

cannot detect differences on left side of an object even when falling into right side of space

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spatial attention

lateral superior parietal areas (lateral = external)

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nonspatial attention

lateral inferior temporal regions (lateral = external)

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internally-guided spatial tasks

medial prefrontal and parietal areas (medial = internal)

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attending to emotional states

medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus

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bottom up

exogenous

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top down

endogenous

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biased competition model in attention

bias towards house vs. face

<p>bias towards house vs. face</p>
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frontal-parietal attention mechanism

dorsal route: goals + importance

ventral route: circuit breaker, interrupts ongoing activity to redirect attention to some important feature

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Conscious awareness is a

hierarchical process from sensory to association cortex

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Attention can be seen as

focusing or strengthening sensory activation and pushing it further up the hierarchy

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activity in _____ is modulated by attention

V4

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Attended has

increased spike rate

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ignored stimuli has

decrease spike rate

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signal-to-noise ratio

it becomes harder to detect a signal as background noise increases, filter out stuff you want and ignore what you don't want

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Selecting and de-selecting stimuli

blue peaks at first because it takes time to process and then allocate attention

<p>blue peaks at first because it takes time to process and then allocate attention</p>
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attending to a stimuli increases

change detection accuracy, decrease in noise correlation (population of neurons becomes more synched)

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synchronization of neurons

varies widely across cognitive states (lots of spikes = awake, fewer spikes = REM sleep, spikes every now and then = anesthesia, slow long waves = coma)

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subliminal messaging example

measure startle response during randomly selected images (negative, neutral, positive)

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conditions of consciousness

sentience, awareness of external reality, internal experience, "self"

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consciousness is...

constructive! interpret inputs, and experience of reality depends on interpretive framework of the brain

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brain areas involved in consciousness

midbrain, reticular formation, and thalamus

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reticular formation in consciousness

traffic lights, tells what signals to go and when and projects to thalamus

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if you damage your reticular formation

you lose consciousness

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sleep

a state of unconsciousness, body's innate circadian rhythm

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cave study

light cues influence circadian rhythm, but natural rhythm is around 25 hrs

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In deep sleep

The MF (logic /reasoning/planning) is isolated

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in light sleep

there are higher synchrony between brain regions

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dreams

spontaneous neural activity, brain loves patterns so it tries to create a story

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nightmares are remembered because

they are salient

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Sleep paralysis

affects REM sleep, body immobile, person partially conscious

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lucid dreaming

becoming aware in dream and taking control

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anesthesia

reversibly alters consciousness without long-term damage, reduce excitatory and enhave inhibitory signals

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coma

deep, prolonged state of unconsciousness , no response, no sleep cycle, abnormal breathing

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coma happens with

any damage to brainstem or major damage to the cortex

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vegetative states

brainstem intact (breathing, sleep-wake), but no signs of perception, awareness, brain metabolism is permanently decreased

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Vegatitive patient conscious?

sometimes. answer yes/no questions by imaging playing tennis (motor cortex) or walking through their house (where - pariental)

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dualism

mind and body are totally separate

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Functionalism

the brain's specialized processing units underlie different aspects of conscious experience; FFA perceives face; it is a big fragmented

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Integrated information theory

informative and

combined info across the brain

• Informative: experience of "red" is not "green" or "blue"

• Integrated: you perceive a face not a combination of shapes/colors/textures

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default mode network

a circuit of brain regions that is active during daydreaming/thinking, medial parietal area

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animals conscious?

Humans seem particularly intelligent, but non-human

animals possess much of the same neural machinery

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Examples of non-human consciousness

self-recognition in mirror, human words with semantic meanings (parrot), complex learning & self-awareness in

octopuses, neural responses in crow that correlate with subjective perception of stimuli

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localizationism

every brain area is an island, ex: phrenology and FFA/PPA

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types of localizationism

modularity: regional preferences, not hard-separated

domain-specificity: a region does only x, never y or z

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globalism

brain works as a whole, modern ex: connectionism (info stored in weighted connections)

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functional segregation

Different areas of the brain are specialised for different functions

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Functional integration

Networks of interactions among specialized areas

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fMRI activations in task

changes in BOLD signal, lots of noise in data, lots of spontaneous activity...

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spontaneous BOLD activity

occurs during task and at rest (intrinsic brain activity), resting-state networks (correlation between spontaneous BOLD signals of brain regions known to be related)

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functional connectivity

what parts of the brain talk to each other

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clustering brain-wide correlations into networks

can be chunked into networks and stay intact across many different tasks

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default mode network association

medial prefrontal and lateral parietal lobes, hippocampus and temporal lobe, and they are physically connected with white matter bundle

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DMN deactivates when

doing certain high-effort tasks that prevent you from daydreaming

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DMN grows

with age

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dorsal network

top-down, endogenous, goal driven, IPS, SPL, FEF

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Ventral network

temporo-parietal junction, IFG/MFG, bottom up, stimulus driven

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frontoparietal control network

executive functioning, control actions/behaviors, in many mental illnesses (depression, OCD, bipolar, schizo)

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memory includes

long-term and short-term

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long-term memory includes

explicit and implicit

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implicit memory

procedural memory, ride bike, tie shoes, etc.

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Types of implicit memory

classical and operant conditioning

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classical conditioning

conditioned stim (bell) and unconditioned stim (food) become paired to make unconditioned response

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operant conditioning

behavior-outcome association. ex: reinforcement (food when go left), punishment ( shock when go left), changes for wanted outcomes

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explicit memory

semantic and episodic

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semantic memory

facts

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episodic memory

event from your life

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HM

removed hippocampus, no new memories

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anterograde amnesia

can't form new memories

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retrograde amnesia

can't retrieve old memories

temporally-graded (remember more the longer before incident, and less before incident)

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