Studied by 10 people
Characteristic of Life
All lives are well organized
Energy Use
All lives need energy to support
Reproduction
All lives should be able to reproduce itself
Growth
All lives grow and develop
Response to Stimuli
All lives can respond to internal or external stimuli
Homeostasis
All lives have the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment — self-regulation
Cell Theory
Cell is the building unit of all living organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
All metabolism occurs in body cells; cells are the functional unit for all lives.
Gene Theory
All genetic information is stored in DNA – genes
Genes control most, if not every, aspect of an organism.
The DNA language can be transcribed into RNA language and then translated into protein language for its final function
Purpose of Homeostasis
to ensure proper function of the body
Atom
consists of a central nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons.
3 Components of Atoms
electrons, neutrons, and protons
Electrons
a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids; both energy and substance particles
Neutrons
A subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge is present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.
Protons
A stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.
Molecules
Formed by atoms
Joined by chemical bonds
molecular formula and structure formula
Ion Bond
forms when atoms lose or gain electrons
Covalent Bond
form when atoms share electrons, and very strong bonds. The major organ in organic chemicals.
Hydrogen Bond
Weak electrical attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another.
Buffers
Solutions that resist change in pH solutions upon adding small amounts of acid or base.
pH
Represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in solution.
Nucleus
the control center
Holds all of the cell’s genetic information
Makes decisions about cell needs
Ribosome
the factory
Synthesizes proteins
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Edits and finalizes proteins made by ribosomes.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus
The post office
Tags and ships packages to their destinations
Mitochondria
the powerhouse
Produces ATP for the cell’s activities
Lysosome
the recycling center
Recycles waste and foreign bacteria
Cell Membrane
lipid bilayer which envelops the cell.
For Protection, Communication, and Selective Exchange
Passive Transport
Does not use energy
Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Natural movement from high concentration to low concentration
Active Transport
uses energy
Movement from against natural diffusion
Prokaryotes
Examples: bacteria, microscopic organisms
Structure: DNA, ribosomes, and cell membranes.
Except for ribosomes, prokaryotes DO NOT have organelles
Eukaryotes
Animals: with organelles and cell membranes
Plants: with organelles and cell membranes like animal cells, but also have chloroplasts and cell walls.
Glycolysis in aerobic Respiration:
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
2 ATP produced
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl CoA (made from pyruvate) runs a cycle of reactions, regenerating at the end of each cycle.
All of the electrons are passed to NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers).
2 ATP produced.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
32 ATP produced
Glycolysis in Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate;
2 ATP produced.
Fermentation
Pyruvate is broken down into ethanol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis intermediates are produced to allow glycolysis to begin again immediately.
Chloroplasts
An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occur.
Photophosphorylation
a process that ATP is generated via light reactions in photosynthesis.
Light Reaction
The first phase of photosynthesis which light is harvested and the electron transfer occurs, ATP, NADPH and oxygen is generated.
Dark Reaction
The second phase of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide is fixed and carbohydrates are generated by consuming ATP and NADPH.
Chloroplasts
These are organelles which allow the organism to perform photosynthesis, obtaining energy from sunlight.
Chlorophyll
Proteins found in chloroplasts which have the ability to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and become visible.
Nuclear envelope breaks down.
Centrioles take positions on opposite sides of nucleus.
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up single-file in the middle of the cell.
Spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to each side of the centromeres of the chromosomes.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to become individual chromosomes.
Chromosomes move until they reach centrioles on opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
Chromosomes dissolve.
Nuclear envelopes re-form around both sets of chromosomes.
Ecology
The study of organisms and environment
Biosphere
The entire portion of the earth is inhabited by life.
The sum of all the planet’s ecosystems.
Biomes
The world’s major communities classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment.
Community
A group of populations living in the same area.
Population
A group of individuals in a particular geographic area that belong the same species.
Producers
They are primarily green plants that bring energy into the system by capturing sunlight.
Consumers
An organism in an eco system that lives by eating other organisms.
Food Web
A complex interaction of feeding relationships.
Chemical Cycling
Nature’s way of allowing life on Earth access to limited resources by continually transferring the energy from one form to the next.
Primary Succession
An event in which life begins to exist where no life existed previously.
Secondary Succession
The change in composition of the species which live in an area.
Aquatic Ecosystems
Most of life on Earth lives in the oceans, a poorly understand system of oceans, lakes, streams, rivers, and estuaries.
Terrestrial Biomes
The group of ecosystems which share the same climate, flora, and fauna.
Population Density
Individuals per unit area or volume.
Dispersion
The pattern of spacing for individuals within the boundaries of the population.
Reforestation
It is the development of a forest in a deforested area to ensure a sustained yield.
Conservation
It is the safeguarding, maintaining or protecting and wise management of natural resources.
Resources
Materials which satisfy human needs and want in a given space and time, and serve to attain individual as well as social welfare.
Non Renewable Resources
There is no known process by which they can be renewed quickly. They are available in fixed quantities and too much exploitation would mean their end. Ex: Minerals, ground water.
Chromosome
where the cell nucleus pack its long stretch of DNA molecule into, it is the functional unit for heredity
Meiosis
A reproductive process which produces two unique haploid cells from one cell.
These unique haploid cells are gametes, sex cells for reproduction.
Haploid
Descibing a cell which has one entire set of the oganism’s chromosomes.
Diploid
Describing a cell which has two entire sets of the organism’s chromosomes.
Cross
The parents which reproduce together.
Dominant/Recessive
If present, the dominant allele appears in the phenotype
Co-Dominance
Both dominant alleles show up in the phenotype
Incomplete Dominance
The phenotype is the middle of the two alleles.
Polygenic Traits
Many genes (with 2 alleles each) combine to create one physical trait.
DNA
Is the cellular genetic material
It contains two strands based on base pairing between A and T, C and G.
The two strands are anti-parallel and form double-helix structure
mRNA
Copies information from DNA through base paring mechanism
tRNA
carries amino acids to protein synthesis sites
rRNA
component for ribosome
ncRNA
regulate cellular processes
The Central Dogma
DNA → RNA → Protein
Transcription
RNA polymerase reads DNA and produces pre-mRNA.
The pre-mRNA is edited via splicing of exons together to form the mature mRNA which leaves the nucleus to enter the cytoplasm.
Translation
Ribosomes read the mRNA script and tRNA’s bring amino acids in order to produce the final gene product, proteins.
Causes of Mutation
Errors during DNA replication
DNA damage
Chromosome errors
Autosomal Chromosomes
Chromosomes that code for the regular human traits.
Sex chromosomes
It determines biological sex by triggering the development of male or female sex characteristics.
Genetic Disorder
A disease or sickness caused by DNA at birth.
Heritable Adaptation
Any inherited trait that ultimately leads to a reproductive advantage of a species.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Evolutionary changes occur relatively quickly followed by long periods of stabilization.
Natural Selection
is a result of a species interaction with the environment, with “selection” being determined by whichever species lives long enough to propagate and thereby be successful.
Survival of the “Fittest”.
Fit refers to best fit to environment.
Precambrian Time
99% of Earth’s History
All of the life history events above happened during this time.
Oxygenation of the atmosphere, the first life forms, etc. All life was aquatic
Paleozoic Era
The first invertebrates and vertebrates.
Insects, plants, and reptiles appeared.
First movement of organisms onto land.
Mesozoic Era
“The Age of Reptiles.”
Reptiles became dominant.
Mammals appeared.
Dinosaurs became extinct.
Cenozoic Era
“The Age of Mammals.”
Mammals became dominant.
Glaciers melted.
The climate warmed.
Humans appeared
Taxonomy
The discipline of studying and classifying organisms.
Animalia
A kingdom that includes heterotrophic consumers
herbivores → eat only plants
carnivores → eat only animals
omnivores → eat only plants and animals
detritivores → eat dead and decaying organic matter
Binomial Nomenclature
A standard way to refer to the scientific name of an organism by using the genus and species.
Phylogeny
The process of classifying and organizing organisms based on evolutionary relationships
Bacteria
smallest and simplest organisms, scientifically called prokaryotes.
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes.
Note
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