English Final

comma rules

- use a comma and conjunction in a compound sentence when both sentences are independent clauses (could stand alone)

- to separate elements in a series

- set off introductory elements

- to set off parenthetical element (aka stuff that could be removed and the sentence would still make sense)

- separate coordinate adjectives (if you can put an and or but btn the adjectives a comma will go)

- set off quoted elements

- set off phrases that express contrast

- ALWAYS USE WITH WHICH NEVER WITH THAT

- 2 complete sentences CAN NOT be joined only with a comma (comma splice -need a conjunction)

colon rules

- to list items that come after phrases like follows, the following, these, or a number

- use to introduce a quote with a complete sentence - use for salutation of a business letter

- to separate an expression of time

semicolon rules

- to separate independent clauses not joined by a coordinating conjunction

- between independent clauses when the second clause begins with a transitional expression

- to separate items in a series when one or more of the items contains commas

- btn independent clauses when commas appear within the clauses

MLA heading

name

teacher

class

due date (30 May 2025)

margin width

1 inch

MLA font

times new roman size 12 - double spaced

MLA header

top right hand corner - last name and pg number

incorporating a quote into a sentence rules

for a comma , "...."

for a colon use for into a complete sentence : "..."

citation from a novel

(author last name pg number).

citation from online database

(last name - or if dont have its the 3 most important words of the title, can be found in noodletools, pg number - but most dont have so in that case dont include it).

block quote rules

how many lines

-more than 4

punctuation differences

-colon at end of text before quote

-start new line and indent

-no quotes

-cite at end with period ending the quote not after the citation

margins

-1.5 inches

punctuation of titles

magazine, newspaper title, novel title, and play title get italics

article within a magazine or newspaper, short story title, poems, and chapters within a novel all get quotes

rules for 3 tiered thesis

should present an argument and then 3 ways to support it

never say - in this essay...

Ex: this should be this because blank, blank, blank

rules for single tiered thesis

a thesis that only addresses a single point

ex: this because blank

explain C, C2, E, and R

C = claim (topic sentence)

C2 = claim 2 (further explanation of claim - 1-2 sentences)

E = evidence (supports the claim)

R = reasoning (why the evidence supports the claim)

examples of transition words

additionally, moreover, furthermore, initially, primarily, similarly, correspondingly, subsequently, in addition, ect

rules for a works cited page

-alphabetical order

-1 inch margins

-double spaced

-hanging indent

marks on a papers meanings

loop around comma = get rid of it, AWK = awkward wording, HQ = hanging quote

stages of the writing process

prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing

attention grabbers

quote, anecdote, startling, historical reference, question, rhetorical question, analogy

Ethos

establishes trust and credibility - brings up people and makes statements seem trustworthy

pathos

brings out emotions

logos

facts and logic - numbers states and facts

qualities of a good college essay

not a resume, tells about you, answers the prompt, tells a story, not basic, unique

passive v active voice

passive uses to be verbs (were, was, is, are, be, been, become, became, being)

POV in formal writing

third

parallel sentence structure

repeats the format

paradox

logically self-contradictory statement

ex - nobody goes to that restaurant its always packed

anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

ex - every breath you take, and every move you make ...

personification

giving an object human qualities

ex - the chair slouched

epistrophe

repetition of words at the end of successive clauses

ex - of the ppl for the ppl by the ppl

synecdoche

a part of smt is made to represent the entirety of it - more part of a whole like a hand

ex - Kleenex, but this is a brand (tissues)

metonymy

A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it - think like a synonym or another word for it

ex. You could substitute the word “crown” for royalty, king, queen, etc.

irony

mocking contrast btn expectation and reality that conveys humor or criticism

ex - the fire station caught fire

asyndeton

the omission of a conjunction btn parts of a sentence

ex - i came i saw i conquered

metaphor

comparison without using like or as

ex - she is an angel

polysundeton

when a sentence contains multiple coordinating conjunctions in close succession

ex - he ate and he laughed and he hoped ...

analogy

comparing smt to smt else to make it more simple

ex - as light as a feather

anecote

short amusing story

simile

comparing two things using like or as

ex - her skin was as white as snow

alliteration

repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words

ex - my mother made me mash my M and Ms

hyperbole

an exaggeration

ex - i could eat a cow

consonance

repeated constant sounds in words not at the beginning

ex - a bond that transcends the beyond

allusion

reference to smt without directly stating it

ex - he was a a scrooge

assonance

a repeated vowel sounds in successive words

ex - a rolling stone gathers no moss

pun

play on words

ex - i am reading a book about anti gravity it is impossible to put down

chiasmus

the second half of the phrase reverses the order of the first half

ex - let us never negotiate out of fear but let us never fear to negotiate

zeugma

where one word is used to modify two or more other words but with a dif meaning in each case

ex - she broke her leg and her heart

parallelism

repeated structure of a sentence

ex - Give me liberty or give me death

antithesis

presenting 2 contrasting ideas within parallel structure

ex - easy come easy go