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Engineering Plants
Involves changing expressions of genes
the OG plant model organism
Arabidopsis thaliana
Model ogranism
-knowledge of it can be extended to other plants -fast life cycle -easy to grow -transformable
Arabidopsis thaliana
1st plant to have genome fully sequenced
phenotype
Genotype + epigenetic interactions + environment = ________
False
True or False Every gene codes for a protein
True
True or False Not all DNA is the form of a gene
True
True or False Some genes code for other important things like ribosomal RNAs and transfer RNAs
RNA polymerase
MVP of transcription -transcribes all protein-coding genes and many noncoding RNAs in eukaryotic genomes
Template/Antisense/Non-coding/Negative/Watson strand
What are other names for the strand of DNA that RNA polymerase moves down?
False
True or False There is only one way to transcribe a gene
Promoters
Embedded in code of DNA are sequences for ______ that are needed to start transcription.
3 dimensions
Transcription happens in how many dimensions?
Epigenetic control
Configuration of the genomic DNA to allow or block access to original template
Transcriptional regulation
control of transcription, initiation, maintenance of transcription, and termination
Post-transcriptional regulation
control of mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and degradation
Protein stability
determines activity/efficiency of the product
Cis-acting control elements
adjacent to the transcription unit, tell RNA polymerase where to start
Trans-acting factors
encode transcription factors/proteins encoded elsewhere in the genome
Core Regulartory
What are the 2 parts to the promoter
Promoter
tells RNA polymerase where to start transcribing
Phytomer
-basic model of a plant -consist of an internode, a node, a leaf, and axillary meristem -iterations of this unit, make up the whole plant
Axillary meristem
where vegetative and inflorescence branches and floral primordial (give rise to flowers) come from
Apical Dominance
growth habit described by weakly-branched plants, with a strong branching response to decapitation
Environment and hormones
Apical dominance is largely controlled by what two factors
Auxin
What plant hormone plays a large role in apical dominance
Root system architecture
Describes the geometric arrangement of individual roots within the plant’s root system
False
True or False Every plant root is the same
True
True or False Plants can change root type and architecture
No
Do all plants in the same habitat grow the same root structures?
Monocot Roots
Have both seminal roots and crown roots
Seminal roots
adventitious roots that branch from the hypocotyl
Crown roots
adventitious roots that grow from the stem after the plant has developed beyond the embryo stage
Dicot roots
Tap root system branch root basil root
-Causes change in root morphology -longer, denser root hairs -shorter roots -shallower root system
What are some characteristics of roots in soils that are phosphorus deficient?
Wet soils
What characteristic of soils typically make them deficient in phosphorus?
“topsoil foraging”
What is the term used to describe, the short/shallow root system of plants in phosphorus deficient soils?
True
True or False All plant cells start out in the same organization
Plasma membrane
What is the official outer part of the cell?
Fluid-mosaic model
the common molecular lipid-protein structure for biological membranes
Plasma membrane
considered the “gatekeeper” of the cell
Phospholipid bilayer
the plasma membrane is made up of a __________ bilayer
Integral Peripheral Anchored
3 proteins of the plasma membrane
Hydrophllic
the head of the phospholipid bilayer is (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
Hydrophobic
the tails of the phospholipid bilayer are (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
Endomembrane system
These are all part of the ______ system Plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus vacuole endosomes
Semiautonomous organelles
These are considered _______ organelles Plastids Mitochondria
independently dividing
What does semiautonomous mean?
Vacuole
What organelle is being described? -can be used for storage -plays a large role in keeping cells turgid -can occupy up to 90% of cell space in mature plant cells
Mitochondria
What organelle is being described? -where respiration happens -synthesis of ATP
Chloroplasts
What organelle is being described? -a plastid -stroma is where RuBisCO is located
Cytoskeleton
What organelle is being described? -acts to provide structure for the cell -helps with mitosis and meiosis -composed of microtubules and microfilaments
Meristems
localized regions of ongoing cell division that enable growth during post-embryonic development
Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem
What are the two types of apical meristems?
root cap
what helps protect the root apical meristem?
Primary growth
the phase of plant development that gives rise to new organs and basic plant form
Primary plant body
the part of the plant derived from the SAM, RAM and primary meristem
Secondary growth
the increase in width or diameter of shoots and roots that happens to a plant as it grows
Cambium
meristematic tissue gives rise to secondary growth
vascular cambium
cambial layer that produces wood -arises in the vascular system between xylem and phloem of the primary plant body
cork cambium
also known as phellogen -cambial layer that produces the protective periderm on the outside of woody plants
secondary xylem
-inside conducts water and nutrients from the soil upward to other plant organs and is characterized by thick secondary walls.
secondary phloem
-outside conducts the products of photosynthesis either downward from the leaves to other organs of the plant, or upward from the leaves to reproductive structures. The cells of the vascular cambium
True
True or False Plants can’t move
the sun
Where do plants make their food and energy from?
False
True or False Plants can’t regenerate
Chlorophyll
Chloroplasts contain the pigment ________.
Seed plants
Angiosperms and gymnosperms are _____ plants.
Flowering Plants
What is another term used to refer to angiosperms?
Flowering plants
What type of plants dominate today?
250,000
There are over _______ species of angiosperms
Mitosis
Plant haploid gametophytes produce gametes by (mitosis or meiosis)
Meiosis
Animal haploid gametes are produced by (mitosis or meiosis)
True
True or False One the haploid gametophytes fuse in fertilization the 2N zygote is created and the life cycles of plant and animals are similar
Alteration of generations
What is it called when plants alternate between two types of generations?
Diploid
The sporophyte cells that produce spores are (haploid or diploid)
Haploid
The gametophyte cells the produce gametes are (haploid or diploid)
Outer nuclear envelope
What surrounds the nucleus?
Nuclear pores
selective channels made up of nucleoporin proteins -the nucleus is dotted with them
Chromosomes
DNA and associated proteins
Nucleosomes
DNA winds around histones forming ______
Lignified cell
Dead trees are just ______ cells.
fortresses
Plants = _______
cell wall
What makes plants so tough?
In the cell wall
Plants store carbon, where is a lot of this carbon stored?
Functions of the cell wall
What are these? Connect to adjacent cells Act as an exoskeleton Determine plant shape Act as diffusion barriers Provide anchor point for sensory proteins Act as a barrier to pathogens, parasites, and herbivores Provide strength for the xylem
Through adhesion
how do cell walls connect to adjacent cells?
False
True or False The composition of cell wall stays the same over time
True
True or False New and old cells have different needs
Primary cell walls
_______ cell walls are usually characteristic of younger cells
Secondary cell walls
_______ cell walls are thicker and stronger and are fortified after the cell has stopped expanding
cements the walls of neighboring cell together
What is the function of the middle lamella?
True
True or False Cells walls are made of sugar
Polysaccharides
What are the sugar backbones of the cell walls?
Cellulose
What component of the cell wall is being described? -most abundant macromolecule -give primary cell walls tensile strength -______ microfibril deposition determines the direction of cell expansion
Cellulose microfibril deposition
What determines the direction of cell expansion?
Hemicellulose
What component of the cell wall is being described? -matrix polysaccharide -synthesized in the golgi -moved with secretory vesicls -xyloglucan → most dominant _______ -heterogeneous group of polysaccharides with linked backbones
Xyloglucan
what is the most dominant hemicellulose?
Pectin
What component of the cell wall is being described? -matrix polysaccharide -synthesized in the golgi -moved with secretory vesicles -solidifying agent in jelly -most abundant component of primary cell walls -soft structure in cell wall
Pectin
What is the most abundant component of primary cell walls?
Note
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