Plant Structure and Function - Exam 1 - All sets

Engineering Plants

Involves changing expressions of genes

the OG plant model organism

Arabidopsis thaliana

Model ogranism

-knowledge of it can be extended to other plants -fast life cycle -easy to grow -transformable

Arabidopsis thaliana

1st plant to have genome fully sequenced

phenotype

Genotype + epigenetic interactions + environment \= \________

False

True or False Every gene codes for a protein

True

True or False Not all DNA is the form of a gene

True

True or False Some genes code for other important things like ribosomal RNAs and transfer RNAs

RNA polymerase

MVP of transcription -transcribes all protein-coding genes and many noncoding RNAs in eukaryotic genomes

Template/Antisense/Non-coding/Negative/Watson strand

What are other names for the strand of DNA that RNA polymerase moves down?

False

True or False There is only one way to transcribe a gene

Promoters

Embedded in code of DNA are sequences for \______ that are needed to start transcription.

3 dimensions

Transcription happens in how many dimensions?

Epigenetic control

Configuration of the genomic DNA to allow or block access to original template

Transcriptional regulation

control of transcription, initiation, maintenance of transcription, and termination

Post-transcriptional regulation

control of mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and degradation

Protein stability

determines activity/efficiency of the product

Cis-acting control elements

adjacent to the transcription unit, tell RNA polymerase where to start

Trans-acting factors

encode transcription factors/proteins encoded elsewhere in the genome

Core Regulartory

What are the 2 parts to the promoter

Promoter

tells RNA polymerase where to start transcribing

Phytomer

-basic model of a plant -consist of an internode, a node, a leaf, and axillary meristem -iterations of this unit, make up the whole plant

Axillary meristem

where vegetative and inflorescence branches and floral primordial (give rise to flowers) come from

Apical Dominance

growth habit described by weakly-branched plants, with a strong branching response to decapitation

Environment and hormones

Apical dominance is largely controlled by what two factors

Auxin

What plant hormone plays a large role in apical dominance

Root system architecture

Describes the geometric arrangement of individual roots within the plant’s root system

False

True or False Every plant root is the same

True

True or False Plants can change root type and architecture

No

Do all plants in the same habitat grow the same root structures?

Monocot Roots

Have both seminal roots and crown roots

Seminal roots

adventitious roots that branch from the hypocotyl

Crown roots

adventitious roots that grow from the stem after the plant has developed beyond the embryo stage

Dicot roots

Tap root system branch root basil root

-Causes change in root morphology -longer, denser root hairs -shorter roots -shallower root system

What are some characteristics of roots in soils that are phosphorus deficient?

Wet soils

What characteristic of soils typically make them deficient in phosphorus?

“topsoil foraging”

What is the term used to describe, the short/shallow root system of plants in phosphorus deficient soils?

True

True or False All plant cells start out in the same organization

Plasma membrane

What is the official outer part of the cell?

Fluid-mosaic model

the common molecular lipid-protein structure for biological membranes

Plasma membrane

considered the “gatekeeper” of the cell

Phospholipid bilayer

the plasma membrane is made up of a \__________ bilayer

Integral Peripheral Anchored

3 proteins of the plasma membrane

Hydrophllic

the head of the phospholipid bilayer is (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

Hydrophobic

the tails of the phospholipid bilayer are (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

Endomembrane system

These are all part of the \______ system Plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus vacuole endosomes

Semiautonomous organelles

These are considered \_______ organelles Plastids Mitochondria

independently dividing

What does semiautonomous mean?

Vacuole

What organelle is being described? -can be used for storage -plays a large role in keeping cells turgid -can occupy up to 90% of cell space in mature plant cells

Mitochondria

What organelle is being described? -where respiration happens -synthesis of ATP

Chloroplasts

What organelle is being described? -a plastid -stroma is where RuBisCO is located

Cytoskeleton

What organelle is being described? -acts to provide structure for the cell -helps with mitosis and meiosis -composed of microtubules and microfilaments

Meristems

localized regions of ongoing cell division that enable growth during post-embryonic development

Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem

What are the two types of apical meristems?

root cap

what helps protect the root apical meristem?

Primary growth

the phase of plant development that gives rise to new organs and basic plant form

Primary plant body

the part of the plant derived from the SAM, RAM and primary meristem

Secondary growth

the increase in width or diameter of shoots and roots that happens to a plant as it grows

Cambium

meristematic tissue gives rise to secondary growth

vascular cambium

cambial layer that produces wood -arises in the vascular system between xylem and phloem of the primary plant body

cork cambium

also known as phellogen -cambial layer that produces the protective periderm on the outside of woody plants

secondary xylem

-inside conducts water and nutrients from the soil upward to other plant organs and is characterized by thick secondary walls.

secondary phloem

-outside conducts the products of photosynthesis either downward from the leaves to other organs of the plant, or upward from the leaves to reproductive structures. The cells of the vascular cambium

True

True or False Plants can’t move

the sun

Where do plants make their food and energy from?

False

True or False Plants can’t regenerate

Chlorophyll

Chloroplasts contain the pigment \________.

Seed plants

Angiosperms and gymnosperms are \_____ plants.

Flowering Plants

What is another term used to refer to angiosperms?

Flowering plants

What type of plants dominate today?

250,000

There are over \_______ species of angiosperms

Mitosis

Plant haploid gametophytes produce gametes by (mitosis or meiosis)

Meiosis

Animal haploid gametes are produced by (mitosis or meiosis)

True

True or False One the haploid gametophytes fuse in fertilization the 2N zygote is created and the life cycles of plant and animals are similar

Alteration of generations

What is it called when plants alternate between two types of generations?

Diploid

The sporophyte cells that produce spores are (haploid or diploid)

Haploid

The gametophyte cells the produce gametes are (haploid or diploid)

Outer nuclear envelope

What surrounds the nucleus?

Nuclear pores

selective channels made up of nucleoporin proteins -the nucleus is dotted with them

Chromosomes

DNA and associated proteins

Nucleosomes

DNA winds around histones forming \______

Lignified cell

Dead trees are just \______ cells.

fortresses

Plants \= \_______

cell wall

What makes plants so tough?

In the cell wall

Plants store carbon, where is a lot of this carbon stored?

Functions of the cell wall

What are these? Connect to adjacent cells Act as an exoskeleton Determine plant shape Act as diffusion barriers Provide anchor point for sensory proteins Act as a barrier to pathogens, parasites, and herbivores Provide strength for the xylem

Through adhesion

how do cell walls connect to adjacent cells?

False

True or False The composition of cell wall stays the same over time

True

True or False New and old cells have different needs

Primary cell walls

\_______ cell walls are usually characteristic of younger cells

Secondary cell walls

\_______ cell walls are thicker and stronger and are fortified after the cell has stopped expanding

cements the walls of neighboring cell together

What is the function of the middle lamella?

True

True or False Cells walls are made of sugar

Polysaccharides

What are the sugar backbones of the cell walls?

Cellulose

What component of the cell wall is being described? -most abundant macromolecule -give primary cell walls tensile strength -\______ microfibril deposition determines the direction of cell expansion

Cellulose microfibril deposition

What determines the direction of cell expansion?

Hemicellulose

What component of the cell wall is being described? -matrix polysaccharide -synthesized in the golgi -moved with secretory vesicls -xyloglucan → most dominant \_______ -heterogeneous group of polysaccharides with linked backbones

Xyloglucan

what is the most dominant hemicellulose?

Pectin

What component of the cell wall is being described? -matrix polysaccharide -synthesized in the golgi -moved with secretory vesicles -solidifying agent in jelly -most abundant component of primary cell walls -soft structure in cell wall

Pectin

What is the most abundant component of primary cell walls?