Plant Structure and Function - Exam 1 - All sets

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Engineering Plants

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Engineering Plants

Involves changing expressions of genes

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the OG plant model organism

Arabidopsis thaliana

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Model ogranism

-knowledge of it can be extended to other plants -fast life cycle -easy to grow -transformable

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Arabidopsis thaliana

1st plant to have genome fully sequenced

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phenotype

Genotype + epigenetic interactions + environment = ________

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False

True or False Every gene codes for a protein

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True

True or False Not all DNA is the form of a gene

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True

True or False Some genes code for other important things like ribosomal RNAs and transfer RNAs

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RNA polymerase

MVP of transcription -transcribes all protein-coding genes and many noncoding RNAs in eukaryotic genomes

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Template/Antisense/Non-coding/Negative/Watson strand

What are other names for the strand of DNA that RNA polymerase moves down?

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False

True or False There is only one way to transcribe a gene

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Promoters

Embedded in code of DNA are sequences for ______ that are needed to start transcription.

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3 dimensions

Transcription happens in how many dimensions?

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Epigenetic control

Configuration of the genomic DNA to allow or block access to original template

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Transcriptional regulation

control of transcription, initiation, maintenance of transcription, and termination

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Post-transcriptional regulation

control of mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and degradation

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Protein stability

determines activity/efficiency of the product

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Cis-acting control elements

adjacent to the transcription unit, tell RNA polymerase where to start

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Trans-acting factors

encode transcription factors/proteins encoded elsewhere in the genome

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Core Regulartory

What are the 2 parts to the promoter

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Promoter

tells RNA polymerase where to start transcribing

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Phytomer

-basic model of a plant -consist of an internode, a node, a leaf, and axillary meristem -iterations of this unit, make up the whole plant

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Axillary meristem

where vegetative and inflorescence branches and floral primordial (give rise to flowers) come from

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Apical Dominance

growth habit described by weakly-branched plants, with a strong branching response to decapitation

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Environment and hormones

Apical dominance is largely controlled by what two factors

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Auxin

What plant hormone plays a large role in apical dominance

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Root system architecture

Describes the geometric arrangement of individual roots within the plant’s root system

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False

True or False Every plant root is the same

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True

True or False Plants can change root type and architecture

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No

Do all plants in the same habitat grow the same root structures?

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Monocot Roots

Have both seminal roots and crown roots

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Seminal roots

adventitious roots that branch from the hypocotyl

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Crown roots

adventitious roots that grow from the stem after the plant has developed beyond the embryo stage

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Dicot roots

Tap root system branch root basil root

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-Causes change in root morphology -longer, denser root hairs -shorter roots -shallower root system

What are some characteristics of roots in soils that are phosphorus deficient?

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Wet soils

What characteristic of soils typically make them deficient in phosphorus?

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“topsoil foraging”

What is the term used to describe, the short/shallow root system of plants in phosphorus deficient soils?

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True

True or False All plant cells start out in the same organization

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Plasma membrane

What is the official outer part of the cell?

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Fluid-mosaic model

the common molecular lipid-protein structure for biological membranes

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Plasma membrane

considered the “gatekeeper” of the cell

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Phospholipid bilayer

the plasma membrane is made up of a __________ bilayer

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Integral Peripheral Anchored

3 proteins of the plasma membrane

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Hydrophllic

the head of the phospholipid bilayer is (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

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Hydrophobic

the tails of the phospholipid bilayer are (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

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Endomembrane system

These are all part of the ______ system Plasma membrane endoplasmic reticulum nuclear envelope Golgi apparatus vacuole endosomes

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Semiautonomous organelles

These are considered _______ organelles Plastids Mitochondria

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independently dividing

What does semiautonomous mean?

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Vacuole

What organelle is being described? -can be used for storage -plays a large role in keeping cells turgid -can occupy up to 90% of cell space in mature plant cells

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Mitochondria

What organelle is being described? -where respiration happens -synthesis of ATP

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Chloroplasts

What organelle is being described? -a plastid -stroma is where RuBisCO is located

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Cytoskeleton

What organelle is being described? -acts to provide structure for the cell -helps with mitosis and meiosis -composed of microtubules and microfilaments

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Meristems

localized regions of ongoing cell division that enable growth during post-embryonic development

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Shoot apical meristem Root apical meristem

What are the two types of apical meristems?

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root cap

what helps protect the root apical meristem?

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Primary growth

the phase of plant development that gives rise to new organs and basic plant form

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Primary plant body

the part of the plant derived from the SAM, RAM and primary meristem

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Secondary growth

the increase in width or diameter of shoots and roots that happens to a plant as it grows

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Cambium

meristematic tissue gives rise to secondary growth

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vascular cambium

cambial layer that produces wood -arises in the vascular system between xylem and phloem of the primary plant body

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cork cambium

also known as phellogen -cambial layer that produces the protective periderm on the outside of woody plants

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secondary xylem

-inside conducts water and nutrients from the soil upward to other plant organs and is characterized by thick secondary walls.

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secondary phloem

-outside conducts the products of photosynthesis either downward from the leaves to other organs of the plant, or upward from the leaves to reproductive structures. The cells of the vascular cambium

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True

True or False Plants can’t move

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the sun

Where do plants make their food and energy from?

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False

True or False Plants can’t regenerate

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Chlorophyll

Chloroplasts contain the pigment ________.

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Seed plants

Angiosperms and gymnosperms are _____ plants.

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Flowering Plants

What is another term used to refer to angiosperms?

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Flowering plants

What type of plants dominate today?

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250,000

There are over _______ species of angiosperms

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Mitosis

Plant haploid gametophytes produce gametes by (mitosis or meiosis)

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Meiosis

Animal haploid gametes are produced by (mitosis or meiosis)

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True

True or False One the haploid gametophytes fuse in fertilization the 2N zygote is created and the life cycles of plant and animals are similar

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Alteration of generations

What is it called when plants alternate between two types of generations?

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Diploid

The sporophyte cells that produce spores are (haploid or diploid)

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Haploid

The gametophyte cells the produce gametes are (haploid or diploid)

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Outer nuclear envelope

What surrounds the nucleus?

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Nuclear pores

selective channels made up of nucleoporin proteins -the nucleus is dotted with them

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Chromosomes

DNA and associated proteins

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Nucleosomes

DNA winds around histones forming ______

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Lignified cell

Dead trees are just ______ cells.

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fortresses

Plants = _______

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cell wall

What makes plants so tough?

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